Real-time PCR primers used for the detection of USUV and ZIKV.

<p>Real-time PCR primers used for the detection of USUV and ZIKV.</p

The host range of USUV and ZIKV in cell culture.

<p>Average Ct values of USUV and ZIKV ± SEM produced from cell culture supernatants from 17 cell lines collected at 72 hours PI.</p

Working with Zika and Usutu Viruses <i>In Vitro</i>

<div><p>Usutu (USUV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are emerging arboviruses of significant medical and veterinary importance. These viruses have not been studied as well as other medically important arboviruses such as West Nile (WNV), dengue (DENV), or chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. As such, information regarding the behavior of ZIKV and USUV viruses in the laboratory is dated. Usutu virus re-emerged in Austria in 2001 and has since spread throughout the European and Asian continents causing significant mortality among birds. Zika virus has recently appeared in the Western Hemisphere and has exhibited high rates of birth defects and sexual transmission. Information about the characteristics of USUV and ZIKV viruses are needed to better understand the transmission, dispersal, and adaptation of these viruses in new environments. Since their initial characterization in the middle of last century, technologies and reagents have been developed that could enhance our abilities to study these pathogens. Currently, standard laboratory methods for these viruses are limited to 2–3 cell lines and many assays take several days to generate meaningful data. The goal of this study was to characterize these viruses in cells from multiple diverse species. Cell lines from 17 species were permissive to both ZIKV and USUV. These viruses were able to replicate to significant titers in most of the cell lines tested. Moreover, cytopathic effects were observed in 8 of the cell lines tested. These data indicate that a variety of cell lines can be used to study ZIKV and USUV infection and may provide an updated foundation for the study of host-pathogen interactions, model development, and the development of therapeutics.</p></div

Cytopathic effects of USUV and ZIKV.

<p>Cytopathic effects of ZIKV and USUV viruses were visualized a 40X magnification on an inverted microscope. Cytopathic effects were observed for both viruses in CRFK (a), DN1.Tr (b), E. Derm (c), EA.hy.926 (d), FoLu (e), OHH1.K (f), OK (g), PK(15) (h), Sf 1 Ep (i), and Mv 1 Lu (j) cells.</p

ZIKV and USUV bind to Tb 1 Lu and WCH-17 cells.

<p>Ct values as determined by qRT-PCR of ZIKV and USUV after binding to LLC-MK2, Tb 1 Lu, and WCH-17 cells.</p

Cell lines used for characterization of USUV and ZIKV.

<p>Cell lines used for characterization of USUV and ZIKV.</p

A system dynamics approach to understanding the One Health concept

<div><p>There have been many terms used to describe the One Health concept, including movement, strategy, framework, agenda, approach, among others. However, the inter-relationships of the disciplines engaged in the One Health concept have not been well described. To identify and better elucidate the internal feedback mechanisms of One Health, we employed a system dynamics approach. First, a systematic literature review was conducted via searches in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and ProQuest with the search terms: ‘One Health’ and (concept* or approach*). In addition, we used the HistCite^® tool to add significant articles on One Health to the library. Then, of the 2368 articles identified, 19 were selected for evaluating the inter-relationships of disciplines engaged in One Health. Herein, we report a visually rich, theoretical model regarding interactions of various disciplines and complex problem descriptors engaged in One Health problem solving. This report provides a conceptual framework for future descriptions of the interdisciplinary engagements involved in One Health.</p></div

“One Health Cosmos”.

<p>One Health Cosmos shows the relationships between the various disciplines and complex problem descriptors that are reported to fall within the One Health concept. Squares and circles represent nodes, and the arrows connecting nodes represent causal links. Brown color is used to show positive causal link which also have a “+” sign besides the arrowhead. Negative causal link is portrayed with a blue color and “-” sign besides the arrowhead. A positive causal link means that both the causative and the resultant factors increase or decrease in the same direction. A negative causal link indicates that the two linked factors change in opposite directions. The positive reinforcing loop has a “R” in the clockwise cycle. A negative reinforcing loop opposite has a “B” in the counterclockwise cycle. A big arrow shows the direction of this relationship between disease and health through One Health.</p

Flow diagram of the literature search process.

<p>Using the search strategy, a total of 2368 articles were identified. Duplicate articles were removed. Nineteen publications were used in the final analyses. See text for more details.</p

Nineteen key One Health articles selected for component analyses.

<p>Nineteen key One Health articles selected for component analyses.</p