Post hoc test; Tukey’s HSD multiple comparisons of means of measured variables between T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity and the control.

T2DM & Malaria Co-morbidity Group = participants who had both Type-2 diabetes mellitus and malaria infection and No T2DM & No Malaria Group = the control population. Data represented Mean±SD. Mean difference was significant at α (DOCX)</p

Sperm count and semen volume of the study groups.

Bar charts showing the relationships between Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) & Malaria co-morbidity, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) only, and the Normal (Control) population based on sperm volume and sperm count. A: Volume of Semen; B: Sperm Concentration; C: Total Sperm Count. Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was conducted to identify mean differences between groups. Data represented Mean±SD, Mean difference was significant at α<0.05; ****p < 0.0001; **p < 0.01.</p

Clinical history of the study participants.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and malaria infection are highly prevalent in Africa particularly, in the Sub-Saharan Region. A greater number of people in the Ghanaian population who have T2DM are also reported to harbor malaria parasites. This study aimed to investigate the influence of T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity on sperm parameters among patients in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. This hospital-based cross-sectional analytic case-control study comprised 254 adult male study participants comprising 80 T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity, 80 T2DM only, and 94 normal controls. A blood sample (10mL) was drawn from each participant to measure FBG, HbA1c levels, Testosterone levels, Total cholesterol, and determination of Malaria parasite density. Seminal fluid was also collected from each participant for semen analysis. Sperm kinetics of the T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity group particularly; total motility, rapid progressive motility, and slow progressive motility were negatively affected compared to both T2DM only (p(64) = -8.62; p</div

Blood and serum variables.

Bar charts showing the relationships between Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) & Malaria co-morbidity, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) only, and the Normal (Control) population based on blood and serum variables. A: Fasting blood glucose (FBG); B: HbA1c-DCCT (%); C: Testosterone levels. Tukey’s HSD post hoc test was undertaken to identify mean differences between groups. Data represented Mean±SD, Mean difference was significant at α<0.05; ****p < 0.0001.</p

STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of <i>case-control studies</i>.

STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of case-control studies.</p

Post hoc test; Tukey’s HSD multiple comparisons of means of measured variables between T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity and T2DM only.

T2DM & Malaria Co-morbidity Group = participants who had both Type-2 diabetes mellitus and malaria infection, T2DM only = participants who had only Type-2 diabetes mellitus; Data represented Mean±SD. Mean difference was significant at α (DOCX)</p

Means and standard deviations of blood and serum variables among study groups (T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity, T2DM only and the control).

T2DM & Malaria Co-morbidity Group = participants who had both Type-2 diabetes mellitus and malaria infection, T2DM only = participants who had only Type-2 diabetes mellitus and No T2DM & No Malaria Group = the control population, thus, participants who had neither Type-2 diabetes mellitus nor malaria infection, FBG = Fasting Blood Glucose, HbA1c-DCCT = Glycated haemoglobin. (DOCX)</p

Lifestyle information of the study participants.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and malaria infection are highly prevalent in Africa particularly, in the Sub-Saharan Region. A greater number of people in the Ghanaian population who have T2DM are also reported to harbor malaria parasites. This study aimed to investigate the influence of T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity on sperm parameters among patients in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. This hospital-based cross-sectional analytic case-control study comprised 254 adult male study participants comprising 80 T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity, 80 T2DM only, and 94 normal controls. A blood sample (10mL) was drawn from each participant to measure FBG, HbA1c levels, Testosterone levels, Total cholesterol, and determination of Malaria parasite density. Seminal fluid was also collected from each participant for semen analysis. Sperm kinetics of the T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity group particularly; total motility, rapid progressive motility, and slow progressive motility were negatively affected compared to both T2DM only (p(64) = -8.62; p</div

Comparison of mean variables using ANOVA between the study groups (T2DM & Malaria co-morbidity, T2DM only, and the control population).

T2DM & Malaria Co-morbidity Group = participants who had both Type-2 diabetes mellitus and malaria infection, T2DM only = participants who had only Type-2 diabetes mellitus and No T2DM & No Malaria Group = the control population. Data represented Mean±SD. Mean difference was significant at α (DOCX)</p

Post hoc test; Tukey’s HSD multiple comparisons of means of measured variables between T2DM only and the control.

T2DM only = participants who had only Type-2 diabetes mellitus and No T2DM & No Malaria Group = the control population. Data represented Mean±SD. Mean difference was significant at α (DOCX)</p