Potential markets for a satellite-based mobile communications system

The objective of the study was to define the market needs for improved land mobile communications systems. Within the context of this objective, the following goals were set: (1) characterize the present mobile communications industry; (2) determine the market for an improved system for mobile communications; and (3) define the system requirements as seen from the potential customer's viewpoint. The scope of the study was defined by the following parameters: (1) markets were confined to U.S. and Canada; (2) range of operation generally exceeded 20 miles, but this was not restrictive; (3) the classes of potential users considered included all private sector users, and non-military public sector users; (4) the time span examined was 1975 to 1985; and (5) highly localized users were generally excluded - e.g., taxicabs, and local paging

The Arm Motion (AMD) Detection Test

Stroke can lead to sensory deficits that impair functional control of arm movements. Here we describe a simple test of arm motion detection (AMD) that provides an objective, quantitative measure of movement perception related proprioceptive capabilities in the arm. Seven stroke survivors and thirteen neurologically intact control subjects performed the AMD test. In a series of ten trials that took less than 15 minutes to complete, participants used a two-button user interface to adjust the magnitude of hand displacements produced by a horizontal planar robot until the motions were just perceptible (i.e. on the threshold of detection). The standard deviation of movement detection threshold was plotted against the mean and a normative range was determined from the data collected with control subjects. Within this normative space, subjects with and without intact proprioception could be discriminated on a ratio scale that is meaningful for ongoing studies of degraded motor function. Thus, the AMD test provides a relatively fast, objective and quantitative measure of upper extremity proprioception of limb movement (i.e. kinesthesia)

Studies on codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

During the 1958-59 to 1962-63 seasons, nine trials were conducted to determine the value of new insecticides for the control of Cydia pomonella (L.) in apple orchards of the Stanthorpe district. The important materials under test were azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, carbophenothion, DDT, dioxathion, ethion, lead arsenate, Mesurol and phosphamidon. Treatments were applied according to predetermined programmes for each season. Other sprays, either alone or in combination with the test materials, were used to control diseases and pests other than codling moth. DDT exercised satisfactory control for codling moth in the 1958-59 trial but there was a marked reduction in efficacy in subsequent trials. Azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl and Mesurol were the better treatments in later trials and have been recommended for codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district

Control of light-brown apple moth

Alternatives to lead arsenate for the control of light-brown apple moth, Austrotortrix postvittana (Walk.), were tested in three spray trials in apple orchards in the Stanthorpe district during the 1954-55 season. Programmes incorporating DDD were generally superior to all others, and at the same time avoided the foliage damage and spray residue problems associated with the use of lead arsenate. Two sprays of DDD 0.1 per cent., one applied in late November and the other in late January, are basic for the control of light-brown apple moth

P32 labelling of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.)

Newly emerged male codling moths were labelled by p32 as orthophosphate in a feeding period of 24 hr. Transference of isotope material to females was achieved by mating. Radioactive spermatophores were detected by autoradiography in 95 % of females caged with treated males. A concentration of 0•1 me per ml appeared to give optimum results. No detrimental effect on reproductive potential was evident at concentrations as high as 0.44 mc per ml

Control of codling moth in the Stanthorpe district of Queensland

During the 1963-64 to 1965-66 seasons three spray trials were carried out to determine the value of new insecticides for the control of codling moth ( Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apple orchards in the Stanthorpe district. Materials tested were applied according to a commercial spray programme. Those tested were aminocarb, azinphos-methyl, Cidial, Carbamult, fenitrothion, lythidathion, methidathion, methiocarb, phosalone and Union Carbide 10854. Azinphos-methyl, methidathion and phosalone were the better treatments and have been recommended for codling moth control in the Stanthorpe district. Methiocarb substantially thinned Granny Smith apples

A review of data on abundance, trends in abundance, habitat use and diet of ice-breeding seals in the Southern Ocean

The development of models of marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean is becoming increasingly important as a means of understanding and managing impacts such as exploitation and climate change. Collating data from disparate sources, and understanding biases or uncertainties inherent in those data, are important first steps for improving ecosystem models. This review focuses on seals that breed in ice habitats of the Southern Ocean (i.e. crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophaga; Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossii; leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx; and Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii). Data on populations (abundance and trends in abundance), distribution and habitat use (movement, key habitat and environmental features) and foraging (diet) are summarised, and potential biases and uncertainties inherent in those data are identified and discussed. Spatial and temporal gaps in knowledge of the populations, habitats and diet of each species are also identified

Overwintering behaviour of Tetranychus telarius (L.) in the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

A single polyphagous strain of Tetranryclms telarius (L,) is present in the Stanthorpe district. On deciduous hosts this mite enters the non-feeding winterform, while on evergreen hosts it persists as the active two-spotted form. Nutritional factors are decisive in inducing the winterform. Photoperiod is of only slight importance. The winterform could be induced to feed and to commence egg-laying at any time and is considered to represent a quiescence rather than a true diapause. Data on the survival of the winterform under controlled temperature conditions were in general agreement with field observations that only a small percentage of these individuals successfully overwinter in the Stanthorpe district

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and its adaptation to the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

European red mite was first recorded from Queensland in 1957 and has since become a serious pest of deciduous fruit orchards in the Stanthorpe district. Field observations over three seasons have shown that the hatching of overwintering eggs is broadly synchronized with green-tip of apples (mid September). The first deuteronymphs appear in early October and the resulting females produce summer eggs. Overwintering eggs may be laid as early as January on mite-damaged trees, but on healthy trees they are not produced until mid March. The critical photoperiod of Stanthorpe material (latitude 28°S.) has been determined as 13 hr at 15°C, and this is evidence that strains differing in photoperiodic adaptation exist in this species. Temperatures in the range -1° to 13°C have proved effective in terminating diapause over periods of 126 and 154 days. The seasonal history is discussed in the light of these data. The species appears well adapted to environmental conditions prevailing in the Stanthorpe district

Aspects of the seasonal fluctuation of populations of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) in apple orchards in the Stanthorpe district, Queensland

Populations of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) in a commercial orchard of Delicious apples receiving applications of broad-spectrum pesticides were determined during spring by tanglefoot traps, during summer by extraction of mites from leaf samples and during autumn by shelter traps. These showed that approximately 220 mites per tree were present during spring, 124,000 per tree during late summer and 23,000 per tree during autumn. The mites overwintered chiefly in litter near the bases of the trees and surviving individuals migrated back to the trees during spring at approximately the green-tip stage of development of the host