109 research outputs found
The Development of Transport in the Czech Republic
Before 1989, transport in the former Czechoslovakia met its tasks based on the controlling principles of
planned economy, focused eastwards and oriented on cooperation between the Eastern Bloc countries
within COMECOM. Due to the preference for raw material extraction and heavy industry, the transport
sector dealt mainly with transporting commodities of these branches with high demands in volume. The
planned economic principles were also reflected by the consistent division of transport work with a
preference for stack substrate transport by rail.
The change of the political and economic circumstances in November 1989 influenced the life and
needs of society substantially. A market economy has come, focused on the market of developed
European countries and having an impact on the transport sector as such, individual transport systems,
transport preferences and transported commodities [2].
As at 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia has been divided into two independent countries, i.e. the Czech
Republic and Slovakia. Therefore the following data from the Transport Statistics of the Czech Republic
[1] are comparable starting from 1994. The authors of the article had data available until 2006
Quantum Circuits for the Unitary Permutation Problem
We consider the Unitary Permutation problem which consists, given unitary
gates and a permutation of , in
applying the unitary gates in the order specified by , i.e. in
performing . This problem has been
introduced and investigated by Colnaghi et al. where two models of computations
are considered. This first is the (standard) model of query complexity: the
complexity measure is the number of calls to any of the unitary gates in
a quantum circuit which solves the problem. The second model provides quantum
switches and treats unitary transformations as inputs of second order. In that
case the complexity measure is the number of quantum switches. In their paper,
Colnaghi et al. have shown that the problem can be solved within calls in
the query model and quantum switches in the new model. We
refine these results by proving that quantum switches
are necessary and sufficient to solve this problem, whereas calls
are sufficient to solve this problem in the standard quantum circuit model. We
prove, with an additional assumption on the family of gates used in the
circuits, that queries are required, for any
. The upper and lower bounds for the standard quantum circuit
model are established by pointing out connections with the permutation as
substring problem introduced by Karp.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
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