Equity Criteria as Instrument to Ensure Sustainability of Pareto or Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency: A Correlation Hidden by Sources of Confounding as Key for Sorting Out the Global Economic Crisis

The hypothesis is that Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency have an aspect of sustainability in relation to inequality. The analysis finds efficient situations reached increasing inequality as diminishing in the long term effective demand in a larger measure than counterbalancing increases thanks to total factor productivity growth. Equity and efficiency in welfare economics, rather than being quite contrasting objectives, are as such related and mutually necessary. As such countries are called to implement redistributive policies together with Kaldor-Hicks movements. These would make some parts of the economic agents less well off, while they would reinstate effective demand on the demand side. This latter increases output and wealth throughout the economy for all economic agents in general. Redistributive policies increase also imports, benefiting third countries and remunerating therefore their potential free-rider behaviour. The concerned demand side policies, requiring cooperation and redistribution, call the international institutions to coordinate their action for harmonizing such policies and restrain free-rider behaviour.paradigm; inequality; total factor productivity growth; confounding; pareto efficiency; kaldor-hicks efficiency; cost-benefit analysis; effective demand; sustainability; sustainable development; global economy

Innovation and Redistribution as Global Markets Drivers: Some Options of Economic Modeling

AbstractGrowing literature considers inequality would drag effective demand in the global markets. This would thus be an important causation factor of the current crisis, while the debate remains open. The analysis considers hidden dynamics would tend to hide such causation in the current macroeconomic representation. The purpose is to propose an alternative framework intended to contribute in considering these hidden dynamics. This uses total factor productivity and the level of inequality as macroeconomic factors of production and demand, rather than capital and labor. A graphic geometrical multidimensional representation on a two dimensional plane allows depicting and proposing some options of equations for modeling these dynamics

Additive Particles in Romance and Germanic Languages: Are They Really Similar?

The starting point of this paper is the observation of an unequal frequency of the additive particle auch in German as compared to the paucity of its French counterpart aussi, in L1 and L2 developmental data as well as in adult native speakers' production, which leads to an investigation of the reasons for the observed difference in language use. The paper brings together findings on the structure and discourse integration of utterances containing additive particles (translation equivalents of also) in written sources from French and German and in oral production data from speakers of French and Italian, German and Dutch. Next to data from native speakers, developmental data from learners of French and German (as L1 and L2) are shown to be relevant sources of information about the integration of the optional particles into utterances and at the discourse level. The developmental data reveal a difference between Romance and Germanic languages, concerning not only the frequency of additive particles, but also their interaction with early markers of assertion: auch/ook function as precursors of the assertive value, in competition with the expression of assertion through finiteness, whereas no such interaction is attested for aussi/anche. A comparison of native speakers' preferential choices concerning the information unit highlighted to enhance discourse cohesion confirms the differences between the two language families: speakers of Germanic languages preferentially use particles and Verum Focus, i. e. anaphoric links operating on the assertion value of the relevant utterances, whereas speakers of Romance languages choose anaphoric links operating on the utterance's descriptive content (entities and predicate). Although additive particles across languages share a similar basic meaning, only the Germanic ones are integrated in a system of assertion-related items that push their speakers to apply a discourse perspective oriented towards a comparison of assertions

Equity Criteria as Instrument to Ensure Sustainability of Pareto or Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency: A Correlation Hidden by Sources of Confounding as Key for Sorting Out the Global Economic Crisis

The hypothesis is that Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency have an aspect of sustainability in relation to inequality. The analysis finds efficient situations reached increasing inequality as diminishing in the long term effective demand in a larger measure than counterbalancing increases thanks to total factor productivity growth. Equity and efficiency in welfare economics, rather than being quite contrasting objectives, are as such related and mutually necessary. As such countries are called to implement redistributive policies together with Kaldor-Hicks movements. These would make some parts of the economic agents less well off, while they would reinstate effective demand on the demand side. This latter increases output and wealth throughout the economy for all economic agents in general. Redistributive policies increase also imports, benefiting third countries and remunerating therefore their potential free-rider behaviour. The concerned demand side policies, requiring cooperation and redistribution, call the international institutions to coordinate their action for harmonizing such policies and restrain free-rider behaviour

LE SIMULAZIONI DEL PROCESSO COALESCENTE IN GENETICA DI POPOLAZIONI: INFERENZE DEMOGRAFICHE ED EVOLUTIVE

The main goal of population genetics is to understand the factors that affect genetic variation within a species. Mathematical models are used to predict the effects on genetic variation of processes such as mutation, recombination, selection, migration and population size changes, but analytical results are difficult to obtain when these processes interact and when equilibrium conditions are not met. In these situations, common in real biological systems especially when recent human activities (e.g., stocking, urbanization, overhunting) perturb natural populations, computer simulations can be very useful. A computer simulation is a virtual experiment in which a model is used to mimic the biological process on a computer to study its properties. It is an excellent tool for understanding the functioning of complex systems. Simulations are generally used to make predictions about populations, validate statistical methods, study the properties of different sampling strategies, and estimate parameters from real data. In this thesis, I applied genetic simulations to address questions intractable with other methods. First, I analyzed the effects of violating the assumption of panmixiamade by “Extende Bayesian Skyline Plot” (EBSP) method. I showed that migration can influence the inferred demographic history of a population, suggesting wrong dynamics. Second, I used genetic simulations to analyse the performance of the EBSP method in reconstructing a population decline and to compare sampling schemes with different proportions of modern and ancient DNA. I identified some properties of the sampling scheme which clearly positively affect the demographic reconstruction, providing some simple hints for planning a genetic study when both modern and ancient samples are available. Third, I familiarized with the “Approximated Bayesian Computation” methodology and I contributed to a review article presenting the main features, with pros and cons, of this approach. Fourth, I applied the ABC procedure to analyze the hybridization history within the genus Chionodraco, and to evaluate the power of ABC in this context. Realistic demographic models were defined and compared, and evidence was found that hybridization occurred only in interglacial periods. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis confirm the importance of genetic simulations in evolutionary biology. If we consider the increasing availability of simulation packages, along with the increasing speed and storage capacity of personal computers and clusters, it is easy to predict that simulations of genetic and genomic data will spread in many fields to better explore more and more realistic, and consequently complex, models

Le développement des lectes d’apprenants et l’acquisition de la portée à distance en L2

Cette étude retrace l’acquisition de particules additives, telles que aussi, à partir de données longitudinales d’apprenants débutants en français, en allemand et en anglais L2. On aborde en particulier des principes déterminant l’intégration de ces particules dans l’énoncé et leur évolution à différents stades de maîtrise de la L2.Les itinéraires acquisitionnels observés pour chaque langue cible ont mis en évidence plusieurs facteurs jouant un rôle sur le placement de ces particules et leur poids respectif en fonction du stade atteint par l’apprenant. Alors que l‘on observe aux stades initiaux de l’acquisition principalement l’action de principes cognitifs de traitement du langage (principe du voisinage), infléchis par la saillance perceptuelle de certaines structures de la LC (fréquence de la position finale dans l’input), l’évolution ultérieure est par contre déterminée par le développement morphosyntaxique du lecte de l’apprenant, en particulier par l’émergence du verbe fini. Le cadre de comparaison interlinguistique permet de mieux saisir l’interaction de ces facteurs et de départager les tendances communes aux apprenants de différentes L2 par rapport à l’impact de traits spécifiques à une langue cible donnée.This study deals with the acquisition of additive particles, equivalent to English also, in the longitudinal data of adult learners of 3 target languages : French, German and English L2.It focuses on the principles determining their integration into the utterance and their evolution at subsequent stages of L2 proficiency. The acquisitional paths observed for each target language are then discussed, thus revealing several factors playing a role in the placement of these particles and their changing weight according to the stage reached by the learner : the initial stages mainly show the action of cognitive principles of language processing (principle of adjacency), which are modified by the perceptual saliency of certain TL structures (frequency of final position in the input). Further development is on the contrary determined by the morphosyntactic development of learner varieties, particularly the emergence of a finite verb. The crosslinguistic comparison allows us both to understand better how such factors interact, and also to distinguish general features common to all acquisition paths from TL-specific features in individual development

Equity Criteria as Instrument to Ensure Sustainability of Pareto or Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency: A Correlation Hidden by Sources of Confounding as Key for Sorting Out the Global Economic Crisis

The hypothesis is that Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency have an aspect of sustainability in relation to inequality. The analysis finds efficient situations reached increasing inequality as diminishing in the long term effective demand in a larger measure than counterbalancing increases thanks to total factor productivity growth. Equity and efficiency in welfare economics, rather than being quite contrasting objectives, are as such related and mutually necessary. As such countries are called to implement redistributive policies together with Kaldor-Hicks movements. These would make some parts of the economic agents less well off, while they would reinstate effective demand on the demand side. This latter increases output and wealth throughout the economy for all economic agents in general. Redistributive policies increase also imports, benefiting third countries and remunerating therefore their potential free-rider behaviour. The concerned demand side policies, requiring cooperation and redistribution, call the international institutions to coordinate their action for harmonizing such policies and restrain free-rider behaviour

Acquérir une langue / construire un système communicatif : le développement de la temporalité en L2 et dans les Homesigns

La temporalité est une catégorie fondamentale de la cognition humaine, qui est encodée de manière complexe dans toute langue. Cet article compare son expression progressive dans le développement de systèmes linguistiques simples de nature différente : les variétés initiales d’acquisition d’une langue seconde par l’adulte (niveau prébasique et basique) et les systèmes gestuels développés par des sujets sourds (homesigns enfantins et adultes). Similarités et différences sont discutées à la lumière des divers facteurs qui caractérisent les deux processus. Globalement, on observe des invariants dans l’ordre de réalisation des opérations temporelles de base, ainsi que des écarts importants typiques des comparaisons enfant/adulte. La convergence entre homesigns adultes et variété de base en L2 montre l’action conjointe du développement cognitif, de la présence de besoins communicatifs plus élaborés ainsi que d’une expérience accrue de la pratique langagière. Enfin, les résultats confirment à nouveau le caractère neutre des principes organisationnels sur lesquels reposent les variétés initiales en L2, ce qui fait qu’on les retrouve dans les homesigns.Temporality is a fundamental category of human cognition, which is encoded in elaborate ways in every full-fledged language. This article compares its progressive expression in simple developing linguistic systems of different nature: initial stages of adult untutored L2 acquisition (from Prebasic to Basic Variety) and the gestural systems of deaf subjects (child and adult homesigns). Similarities and differences are discussed in the light of the multiple factors which affect the developmental processes. Globally, we observe the presence of invariants inthe order in which the basic temporal operations are realized, as well as contrasts typical of child/adult comparisons. Adult homesigns come closer to the L2 Basic Variety as deaf subjects grow older, as a result of cognitive development, increasing communicative needs and language practice. The results also highlight the relative low impact of the expressive modality and, conversely, the language neutral character of the organizing principles at work in the L2 initial varieties, which explains their presence in homesigns

Introduction : l'intérêt de croiser différents types d'acquisition

Ce numéro se situe en droite ligne des objectifs de la nouvelle revue, par la diversité des situations d’acquisition, qui sont étudiées de manière comparative, et par la contribution des auteurs, chercheurs dans des domaines différents de l’acquisition. Les recherches sur l’acquisition des langues ont toujours profité de l’application de démarches comparatives (inter-apprenants,inter-langues, etc.), qui permettent, d’une part, de sortir du cas isolé pour aboutir à des généralisations plus pu..

Le développement des lectes d’apprenants et l’acquisition de la portée à distance en L2

Cette étude retrace l’acquisition de particules additives, telles que aussi, à partir de données longitudinales d’apprenants débutants en français, en allemand et en anglais L2. On aborde en particulier des principes déterminant l’intégration de ces particules dans l’énoncé et leur évolution à différents stades de maîtrise de la L2.Les itinéraires acquisitionnels observés pour chaque langue cible ont mis en évidence plusieurs facteurs jouant un rôle sur le placement de ces particules et leur poids respectif en fonction du stade atteint par l’apprenant. Alors que l‘on observe aux stades initiaux de l’acquisition principalement l’action de principes cognitifs de traitement du langage (principe du voisinage), infléchis par la saillance perceptuelle de certaines structures de la LC (fréquence de la position finale dans l’input), l’évolution ultérieure est par contre déterminée par le développement morphosyntaxique du lecte de l’apprenant, en particulier par l’émergence du verbe fini. Le cadre de comparaison interlinguistique permet de mieux saisir l’interaction de ces facteurs et de départager les tendances communes aux apprenants de différentes L2 par rapport à l’impact de traits spécifiques à une langue cible donnée.This study deals with the acquisition of additive particles, equivalent to English also, in the longitudinal data of adult learners of 3 target languages : French, German and English L2.It focuses on the principles determining their integration into the utterance and their evolution at subsequent stages of L2 proficiency. The acquisitional paths observed for each target language are then discussed, thus revealing several factors playing a role in the placement of these particles and their changing weight according to the stage reached by the learner : the initial stages mainly show the action of cognitive principles of language processing (principle of adjacency), which are modified by the perceptual saliency of certain TL structures (frequency of final position in the input). Further development is on the contrary determined by the morphosyntactic development of learner varieties, particularly the emergence of a finite verb. The crosslinguistic comparison allows us both to understand better how such factors interact, and also to distinguish general features common to all acquisition paths from TL-specific features in individual development