Collective Bargaining

[Excerpt] In this chapter, we first present an overview of different forms of collective bargaining, looking at how institutions and models differ across countries. This is the basis for a review of research examining the integrative or efficiency-enhancing role of collective bargaining - which typically emphasizes strategic choice and mutual gains, and studies focusing on the distributional consequences of these institutions - which place more emphasis on the role of power and conflict in shaping bargaining processes and outcomes. We argue that research focusing on performance outcomes provides a useful but incomplete set of tools to analyze the form and consequences of collective bargaining institutions. These institutions have historically played a central role in redistributing political and economic power within workplaces, industries, and societies. Attention to contemporary changes in labor power can help to explain why and how this distinctive form of employee voice has been weakened within different national contexts

Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO Solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND World Health Organization expert groups recommended mortality trials of four repurposed antiviral drugs - remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a - in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). METHODS We randomly assigned inpatients with Covid-19 equally between one of the trial drug regimens that was locally available and open control (up to five options, four active and the local standard of care). The intention-to-treat primary analyses examined in-hospital mortality in the four pairwise comparisons of each trial drug and its control (drug available but patient assigned to the same care without that drug). Rate ratios for death were calculated with stratification according to age and status regarding mechanical ventilation at trial entry. RESULTS At 405 hospitals in 30 countries, 11,330 adults underwent randomization; 2750 were assigned to receive remdesivir, 954 to hydroxychloroquine, 1411 to lopinavir (without interferon), 2063 to interferon (including 651 to interferon plus lopinavir), and 4088 to no trial drug. Adherence was 94 to 96% midway through treatment, with 2 to 6% crossover. In total, 1253 deaths were reported (median day of death, day 8; interquartile range, 4 to 14). The Kaplan-Meier 28-day mortality was 11.8% (39.0% if the patient was already receiving ventilation at randomization and 9.5% otherwise). Death occurred in 301 of 2743 patients receiving remdesivir and in 303 of 2708 receiving its control (rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.11; P = 0.50), in 104 of 947 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and in 84 of 906 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.59; P = 0.23), in 148 of 1399 patients receiving lopinavir and in 146 of 1372 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.25; P = 0.97), and in 243 of 2050 patients receiving interferon and in 216 of 2050 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.39; P = 0.11). No drug definitely reduced mortality, overall or in any subgroup, or reduced initiation of ventilation or hospitalization duration. CONCLUSIONS These remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon regimens had little or no effect on hospitalized patients with Covid-19, as indicated by overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay. (Funded by the World Health Organization; ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN83971151; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04315948.)

Collective Bargaining

[Excerpt] In this chapter, we first present an overview of different forms of collective bargaining, looking at how institutions and models differ across countries. This is the basis for a review of research examining the integrative or efficiency-enhancing role of collective bargaining - which typically emphasizes strategic choice and mutual gains, and studies focusing on the distributional consequences of these institutions - which place more emphasis on the role of power and conflict in shaping bargaining processes and outcomes. We argue that research focusing on performance outcomes provides a useful but incomplete set of tools to analyze the form and consequences of collective bargaining institutions. These institutions have historically played a central role in redistributing political and economic power within workplaces, industries, and societies. Attention to contemporary changes in labor power can help to explain why and how this distinctive form of employee voice has been weakened within different national contexts.Doellgast13_Collective_bargaining.pdf: 2390 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

A Spatial Approach to the Study of the Electoral Resurgence of the Extreme Right in Southern Spain

This study analyzes at a local level (i.e. census tract) the spatial patterns and main contextual factors related to the electoral resurgence of the extreme-right party (VOX) in Southern Spain (Andalusia) in 2018 and 2019. The 2019 electoral data was associated with the percentage of total foreign-born population, degree of territorial concentration of economic migrants, average income level, percentage of elderly people, urban/rural areas and the percentage of vote for VOX in 2018 (t − 1). We used a global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect the spatial patterns of the vote for VOX and a spatial Durbin regression model to assess the role of contextual variables and spatial effects. The results underline the importance of space in modelling the vote for VOX and point to the existence of a spatial diffusion process. Previous electoral behavior and the urban milieu also play key roles in explaining the vote for VOX. Moreover, the territorial concentration of economic migrants is negatively related with the vote for VOX, which illustrates the positive character of interracial contact

Statistisk öfversigt af Folkskoleväsendet i Finland för läseåret 1897–1898

Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT