Description of the three surveyed cities.

*<p>As of 2010.</p>+<p>At the time of survey, $1 USD = 6.37 Yuan.</p

Basic characteristics of all subjects and stratified by insurance status.

*<p>Values in “()” are p-values of Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test.</p

Analysis of coping strategy: univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

<p>Numbers are “odds ratio (p-value)”. “Baseline” represents the reference group for OR calculation. Sample size  = 5070.</p

Out-of-pocket medical cost: univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

<p>Numbers are “odds ratio (p-value)”. “Baseline” represents the reference group for OR calculation. Sample size  = 5070.</p

Medical cost: univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.

<p>Numbers are “odds ratio (p-value)”. “Baseline” represents the reference group for OR calculation.</p

Multivariate analysis of associations between medical expense and other household consumptions, measured by the actual amount and percentage.

*<p>Adjusted for household characteristics (household size, presence of younger than 18, presence of older than 65, basic insurance coverage, commercial insurance coverage, per capita income, city, urban) and household head characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, marital status). Est: estimated regression coefficient in linear regression. OR: odds ratio in logistic regression.</p

Sample characteristics of the whole cohort and subgroups with different illness conditions and medical expense levels.

<p>Values are means (standard deviations) and percentages (for variables marked by *).</p