331 research outputs found
Using spin to understand the formation of LIGO's black holes
With the detection of four candidate binary black hole (BBH) mergers by the
Advanced LIGO detectors thus far, it is becoming possible to constrain the
properties of the BBH merger population in order to better understand the
formation of these systems. Black hole (BH) spin orientations are one of the
cleanest discriminators of formation history, with BHs in dynamically formed
binaries in dense stellar environments expected to have spins distributed
isotropically, in contrast to isolated populations where stellar evolution is
expected to induce BH spins preferentially aligned with the orbital angular
momentum. In this work we propose a simple, model-agnostic approach to
characterizing the spin properties of LIGO's BBH population. Using measurements
of the effective spin of the binaries, which is LIGO's best constrained spin
parameter, we introduce a simple parameter to quantify the fraction of the
population that is isotropically distributed, regardless of the spin magnitude
distribution of the population. Once the orientation characteristics of the
population have been determined, we show how measurements of effective spin can
be used to directly constrain the underlying BH spin magnitude distribution.
Although we find that the majority of the current effective spin measurements
are too small to be informative, with LIGO's four BBH candidates we find a
slight preference for an underlying population with aligned spins over one with
isotropic spins (with an odds ratio of 1.1). We argue that it will be possible
to distinguish symmetric and anti-symmetric populations at high confidence with
tens of additional detections, although mixed populations may take
significantly more detections to disentangle. We also derive preliminary spin
magnitude distributions for LIGO's black holes, under the assumption of aligned
or isotropic populations
Statistical Gravitational Waveform Models: What to Simulate Next?
Models of gravitational waveforms play a critical role in detecting and
characterizing the gravitational waves (GWs) from compact binary coalescences.
Waveforms from numerical relativity (NR), while highly accurate, are too
computationally expensive to produce to be directly used with Bayesian
parameter estimation tools like Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo and nested sampling.
We propose a Gaussian process regression (GPR) method to generate accurate
reduced-order-model waveforms based only on existing accurate (e.g. NR)
simulations. Using a training set of simulated waveforms, our GPR approach
produces interpolated waveforms along with uncertainties across the parameter
space. As a proof of concept, we use a training set of IMRPhenomD waveforms to
build a GPR model in the 2-d parameter space of mass ratio and
equal-and-aligned spin . Using a regular, equally-spaced grid of
120 IMRPhenomD training waveforms in and ,
the GPR mean approximates IMRPhenomD in this space to mismatches below
. Our approach can alternatively use training waveforms
directly from numerical relativity. Beyond interpolation of waveforms, we also
present a greedy algorithm that utilizes the errors provided by our GPR model
to optimize the placement of future simulations. In a fiducial test case we
find that using the greedy algorithm to iteratively add simulations achieves
GPR errors that are order of magnitude lower than the errors from
using Latin-hypercube or square training grids
Cover Your Basis: Comprehensive Data-Driven Characterization of the Binary Black Hole Population
We introduce the first complete non-parametric model for the astrophysical
distribution of the binary black hole (BBH) population. Constructed from basis
splines, we use these models to conduct the most comprehensive data-driven
investigation of the BBH population to date, simultaneously fitting
non-parametric models for the BBH mass ratio, spin magnitude and misalignment,
and redshift distributions. With GWTC-3, we report the same features previously
recovered with similarly flexible models of the mass distribution, most notably
the peaks in merger rates at primary masses of and
. Our model reports a suppressed merger rate at low primary
masses and a mass ratio distribution consistent with a power law. We infer a
distribution for primary spin misalignments that peaks away from alignment,
supporting conclusions of recent work. We find broad agreement with the
previous inferences of the spin magnitude distribution: the majority of BBH
spins are small (), the distribution peaks at , and there is
mild support for a non-spinning subpopulation, which may be resolved with
larger catalogs. With a modulated power law describing the BBH merger rate's
evolution in redshift, we see hints of the rate evolution either flattening or
decreasing at , but the full distribution remains entirely
consistent with a monotonically increasing power law. We conclude with a
discussion of the astrophysical context of our new findings and how
non-parametric methods in gravitational-wave population inference are uniquely
poised to complement to the parametric approach as we enter the data-rich era
of gravitational-wave astronomy.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figure, 3 table
Comparing the impact of management on public and private nurses in Bangladesh
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use conservation of resources (COR) theory as a lens for comparing the impact of line management on Bangladeshi public and private nurses’ perception of work harassment, well-being and turnover intentions where Anglo-American and European management models have been super-imposed on an existing different culture. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected from 317 Bangladeshi nurses’ (131 from the public sector and 186 from the private sector). Structural equation modelling was used for analysis. Findings High work harassment was associated with low-being, and together with management practices, it explained approximately a quarter of private sector nurses’ well-being. In total, management, work harassment and employee well-being explained approximately a third of the turnover intentions of public sector nurses, whereas only work harassment explained approximately a third of private sector nurses’ turnover intentions. The findings suggest a differential impact of management on work harassment across the public and private sector. Research limitations/implications Cross-sectional data are susceptible to common method bias. A common latent factor was included, and several items that were explained by common method variance were controlled. Further, the findings are limited by the sample size from one sector and the use of only one developing country. Practical implications It is a waste of resources to transplant Anglo-American and European management models to developing countries without understanding the impact on nurses’ outcomes. Originality/value Anglo-American and European management models are not easily transferable to the Bangladesh context probably because of the impact of ties and corruption. Line management is a positive resource that builds employee well-being for public sector employees only
Distinguishing Spin-Aligned and Isotropic Black Hole Populations With Gravitational Waves
The first direct detections of gravitational waves from merging binary black
holes open a unique window into the binary black hole formation environment.
One promising environmental signature is the angular distribution of the black
hole spins; systems formed through dynamical interactions among already-compact
objects are expected to have isotropic spin orientations whereas binaries
formed from pairs of stars born together are more likely to have spins
preferentially aligned with the binary orbital angular momentum. We consider
existing gravitational wave measurements of the binary effective spin, the
best-measured combination of spin parameters, in the four likely binary black
hole detections GW150914, LVT151012, GW151226, and GW170104. If binary black
hole spin magnitudes extend to high values we show that the data exhibit a
( odds ratio) preference for an isotropic angular
distribution over an aligned one. By considering the effect of 10 additional
detections, we show that such an augmented data set would enable in most cases
a preference stronger than ( odds ratio). The
existing preference for either an isotropic spin distribution or low spin
magnitudes for the observed systems will be confirmed (or overturned)
confidently in the near future.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures, code and document at
https://github.com/farr/AlignedVersusIsoSpin/ ; updated to use custom LaTeX
class to include figures in PD
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