Recent Developments in Russian Constitutional and Administrative Law

This article is a brief sketch of recent development of the doctrine and practice in Russian constitutional and administrative law. The focus is made on the controversial issues of state organization and status of individuals, as well as the realization of legal principles established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 has brought out an essential need for change in the Russian legal and political system. Many principles established by this Constitution were formerly rejected or criticized in the Soviet law (e.g., the principle of separation of powers). As a result, Russian legal theory today is not based on well developed doctrine, and while rethinking Soviet era legal research seems to be a more intricate task than working out a new legal theory. During the years since 1993 new legal and state systems have been developing. Changes have affected different spheres. In the beginning, Russian legislation changed very slowly. Five years ago, about half of the statutes in effect were those remained from the Soviet era, being in line with the principles of the Soviet legal and political system. Some legal institutes in the sphere of the Russian constitutional and administrative law changed several times during these years. Numerous – and sometimes hasty – modifications of legislation were characteristic of this process. For example, election law underwent four reforms since 1993. The system of real estate rights registration has changed three times, excluding minor changes. But the best illustration is still Russian tax legislation. The Second part of the Tax Code (rules for each tax) was amended 28 times during 2004 only! At the same time the total number of statutes increased. During these years legal practice was also developing. Judicial practice played a great role in this process, particularly the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The Soviet legal system did not know this institution would become so important. The Constitutional Court is often compared to a parliament, remembering that its decisions are equal to statutes in every-day practice. As statutes traditionally played main role in the Russian law (as distinct from Common law states), the role of court rule-making (including that of the Constitutional Court) is one of the main themes discussed in the Russian legal doctrine. Generalizing the problems of the present day Russian Constitutional and Administrative law, it is challenges of the implementation of the legal principles of the 1993 Constitution in Russian legislation, courts and administrative practice that are in the center of polemics. The period of the 1993 Constitution implementation is still very short. Russia has to adopt the legal principles known to the world constitutional practice and to adjust them to its special needs. Many principles are being interpreted differently, and general problems are being discussed. The issues of urgent importance are discussed below

A METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING A BLOCK CIPHERS ROUND FUNCTION’S POLYNOMIAL OVER A FINITE FIELD

The work outlines the method of construction of round function as a polynomial of one variable over the finite field. The proposed method is based on the calculation of the initial cryptographic transformation at special points of the finite field and the subsequent inversion of Vandermonde matrix. For this class of matrices, there are algorithms for calculating the inverse matrix, which are much more efficient than the standard algorithm of inversion using the Gauss method. In the proposed work, the Traub algorithm is used. The computational complexity of Traub algorithm is proportional to the square of the size of a given matrix. The method is applicable to block iterative ciphers of special type (SP-network). For this type of ciphers, mathematical evaluations of algebraic parameters of polinomials of round functions over the finite fields are provided. Quantative values of estimations are calculated for Russian encryption standard "Kuznechik". The estimates of computational complexity of the proposed method are provided. The article contains practical results of estimations of work time for polynomials notation for finite fields of varying dimensions. The proposed method is used for explicit calculation of the polynomial of one variable over the finite field of round function of block cipher PRESENT

Numerical conjugate problem solution algorithm for fluid-deformable body system

This paper describes the numerical conjugate problem solution algorithm for fluid-deformable body system. It is based on respective subtasks according to physical principals. To solve these subtasks, independent "black box" program modules are used. These modules are connected by conjugate conditions. Fluid phase domain boundary interface is discrete movable i.e. it is not movable on the integration time step, but its position is adjusted on the next time step

Optimal filling factor of nanorod lenses for subwavelength imaging

We analyze the effect of the filling factor on the imaging performance of metallic nanorod lenses. We observe that thicker nanorods allow lower reflection in the canalization regime and we find optimal values of the filling factor to achieve a transfer function with the characteristics of a perfect lens in a wide range of spatial frequencies

Modelling large-sized mesh reflector with extended aperture

Offset large-sized deployable mesh reflector with symmetric frontal and rear nets is described in the paper. This reflector involves extended aperture area and reduced framework elements by applying beam elements in the peripheral areas of reflecting surface. Strain-stress analysis is conducted to calculate reflecting surface shape of required accuracy