Migration of herbicides in the soil of agrophytocenoses and the possibility of managing the risk of contamination of environmental components

Received: August 1st, 2022 ; Accepted: December 10th, 2022 ; Published: February 2nd, 2023 ; Correspondence:[email protected], [email protected] migration of residual amounts of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides under conditions of washing water regime (sum of precipitation in forest and forest-steppe natural zone within 400–600 mm) in practice of intensive agricultural production has been studied. Vertical moisture transport in the soil determines the number of large pores, voids and cracks, and herbicide mobility depends on solubility of the active substance in water and adsorption equilibrium between the soil solution and the soil solid phase. The herbicide was applied to the soil surface, as is the case in practice. Then, pure water (without herbicide) was fed into the column from above, and the movement of water along the soil profile, as well as the adsorption of the herbicide by the soil and the desorption of the active substance by water, were simulated. The water supply to the column was stopped when the portions of water collected after filtering the water through the column contained less than the detection limit of herbicide residues chromatographically. The percentage content of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides residues in the soil solution varied depending on the nature of the active substance (maximum determined for imazapyr and lowest - metsulfuron-methyl) and soil type (more in acidic soil, compared to neutral and slightly alkaline soil). Effective management of pollution risks of the components of the natural environment (soil, surface and groundwater) provides a set of agrotechnological measures to reduce the number of large pores, voids and cracks in the arable layer

Preparation and Application of Complexes Based on Biopolymers of Animal Origin

Immobilization of enzymes (IoE) from animal origin on natural carriers increases the system stability; facilitates the separation and accelerates the recovery of the enzyme; makes reuse possible; provides a significant reduction in operating costs. There are numerous IoE methods and systems, including immobilization of various lipases on major carbohydrate biopolymers (chitin, chitosan, cellulose, etc.), discussed in this review. The key points of the most encouraging methods “for increasing the activity and stability” of such biopolymer systems are the “chitosan particle activation” by “ultra-sonication” and multiplicative “addition of glutaraldehyde” to these abovementioned systems. The design of such complex biopolymer preparations (in their various forms) is an important area of modern agrosciences, biomedicine, veterinary, zootechnology and bionanotechnology

К вопросу о влиянии гербицидов на содержание гумусовых кислот и тяжелых металлов в почвах

Results of research of accumulation of Mg, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn in the soil and humic acids are given in article. The method of the X-ray fluorescent analysis was used for an assessment of accu-mulation of chemical elements. Influence on humic acids of podsolic soil in the conditions of use of various fertilizers — mineral and organic, herbicides 2M-4HP (1,5 kg/ha) and 2M-4X (0,6 kg/ha) at cultivation of winter wheat was investigated in article. It is established that there is no change in the maintenance of ele-ments depending on a way of introduction of herbicides, it isn't noted intensifications of processes of a mass transfer in the soil of heavy metals, pollution of agricultural production heavy metals is improbable at use of herbicides. As a part of humic acids on both systems of fertilizers there are no Mg and Mn, but there is S. It is possible to assume that magnesium and manganese are components of mineral part of the soil, and is gray, generally is a part of organic part of soils.В статье приведены результаты исследования накопления Mg, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn в почве и гумусовых кислотах. Для оценки накопления химических элементов использован рентгенофлуоресцентный метод анализа. Изучено влияние на гумусовые кислоты дерново-подзолистой почвы и применение различных удобрений - минеральных и органических, использование на этих вариантах гербицидов 2М-4ХП (1,5 кг/га д. в.) и 2М-4Х (0,6 кг/га д.в.) при выращивании озимой пшеницы. Установлено, что не происходит изменения в содержании элементов в зависимости от способа внесения гербицидов, не отмечается интенсификации процессов массопереноса в почве тяжелых металлов, маловероятно загрязнение сельскохозяйственной продукции тяжелыми металлами при применении гербицидов. В составе гумусовых кислот на обеих системах удобрений отсутствуют Mg и Mn, но присутствует S. Можно допустить, что магний и марганец являются компонентами минеральной части почвы, а сера в основном входит в состав органической части почв

Аспекты химической подготовки кадров для органического земледелия

Organic farming is aimed at providing the population with high-quality safe agricultural products and preserving the ecological well-being of agrocenoses and adjacent territories. The implementation of this project is currently associated with a number of problems, for the solution of which educational institutions must train qualified personnel. The authors investigated the aspects of chemical training of specialists necessary for the development of organic farming. The article considers three groups of specialties: 1) farm specialists working with soil and plants (agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists); 2) specialists engaged in product processing (food production technologists, medicinal and essential oil raw materials technologists, biotechnologists, etc.); 3) specialists of laboratories for quality control of raw materials and finished products. Analysis of the labor functions of specialists, the goals and objectives of organic farming, as well as the experience of cooperation of the Department of Chemistry of the Russian State Agricultural University-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev with agricultural farms for the implementation of organic technology, showed that the most important components of chemical education are as follows: 1) basic chemical training that allows to understand and manage the dynamic processes occurring in the agrosphere; 2) modern instrumental methods of analysis necessary for quality and safety control of raw materials and products, agrochemical diagnostics of soils and water sources; environmental monitoring to assess the impact of agriculture on soil fertility; research activities; evaluation of processing, storage, packaging methods. Laboratory specialists should have the competence to perform physico-chemical determinations of test samples. Other groups of specialists should know the purpose of the methods, be able to interpret the results of determinations. The article presents educational programs of different levels (bachelor’s, master’s, qualification enhancement), which allow to form the necessary chemical competencies.Органическое земледелие направлено на обеспечение населения высококачественной безопасной сельскохозяйственной продукцией и сохранение экологического благополучия агроценозов и прилегающих территорий. Реализация этого проекта сопряжена в настоящее время с рядом проблем, для решения которых должны быть подготовлены квалифицированные кадры. В статье исследованы аспекты химической подготовки специалистов, необходимых для развития органического земледелия. Рассмотрены три группы специальностей: 1) специалисты хозяйства, работающие с почвой и растениями (агрономы, почвоведы, экологи); 2) специалисты, занимающиеся переработкой продукции (технологи пищевых производств, технологи лекарственного и эфиромасличного сырья, биотехнологи и т. п.); 3) специалисты лабораторий контроля качества сырья и готовой продукции. Анализ трудовых функций специалистов, целей и задач органического земледелия, а также опыта сотрудничества кафедры химии РГАУ-МСХА имени К. А. Тимирязева с земледельческими хозяйствами по реализации органической технологии, показал, что наиболее важными составляющими химического образования являются 1) базовая химическая подготовка, позволяющая понимать и управлять динамическими процессами, протекающими в агросфере; 2) современные инструментальные методы анализа, необходимые: для осуществления контроля качества и безопасности сырья и продукции, агрохимической диагностики почв и водных источников; экологического мониторинга для оценки влияния земледелия на плодородие почв; осуществления исследовательской деятельности; оценки способов переработки, хранения, упаковки. Специалисты лабораторий должны обладать компетентностью – проводить физико-химические определения образцов проб, остальным группам специалистов необходимо знать назначение методов, уметь интерпретировать результаты определений. В статье представлены образовательные программы разных уровней (бакалавриат, магистратура, повышение квалификации), позволяющие сформировать необходимые химические компетентности

Mixtures of the Biologically Active Substances as Model Systems for Animal Blood Diagnostics

There are numerous biochemical and physical methods for agrobio- and nanomedical sciences. The real-time interfacial tension (RTIT) of various liquids is a powerful analytical method. The main aims of the present work are the following: to study the parameters of the RTIT of the mixtures based on some proteins, lipids, salts as the model systems for animal blood diagnostics. The greatest differences in the RTIT values observed at different concentrations for the aqueous dispersions: albumin: lipid: salt “at the short time of existence of the surface”. The high salt concentrations have some particular effects on RTIT values for these mixtures at all times. The changes in albumin concentration influence all RTIT values, but the changes in lipid concentration have insignificant influence and only “at the long time of existence of the surface”. Such data have high importance both for fundamental studies and for possible applications in animal and human medicine

Effect of rock phosphate and bacteria solubilizing nutrients soil application on yield and fruit quality of olive trees cv. “Picual” under the arid zones

This study was carried out throughout two seasons and Located in a private olive grove on Cairo-Ismailia Desert Road in Egypt. The aim of this experiment was to use different amounts of rock phosphate (1, 2 or 3 kg/tree) with different time of additions (2 or 3 times) for phosphorous and sulfur release bacteria to form 6 treatments beside the control (untreated trees) on the mineral contents of the leaves, the vegetative growth, the yield, and the quality of the fruit of Picual olive trees planted in sandy soil and watered with drip irrigation for two seasons. The outcomes demonstrated that application of 2 or 3 kg rock phosphate per tree for two or three times of phosphorus and sulfur release bacteria gave the highest yield and improves fruit quality. Generally, the treatment of 2 kg rock phosphate for three times of P and S release bacteria is recommended due to its clear effect among all treatments on the abovementioned parameters

Агроэкологическая оценка минералогического состава почв

It is shown that the mineralogical composition of the soil is a factor when considering the lithology of soil at a lower hierarchical level. The mineralogical composition and determines the content ratio in the soil of nutrients and toxicants, ion exchange processes, soil resistance to degradation of soil fertility. It is the matrix of the formation of soil and regulates the transformation, migration and accumulation in soil of substances, energy and information of environmental and human impact.В работе показано, что минералогический состав почв является фактором почвообразования при рассмотрении литологии на более низком иерархическом уровне. Минералогический состав определяет содержание и соотношение в почвах элементов питания и токсикантов, процессы ионного обмена, устойчивость почв к деградации, плодородие почв. Он является матрицей формирования почв и регулирует трансформацию, миграцию и аккумуляцию в почве вещества, энергии и информации внешней среды и антропогенного воздействия

The effect of oral administration of tauroside Sx1 on the accumulation of influenza virus and histological changes in the lungs of mice

The constant threat of a new viral pandemic gives special urgency to the search for new effective means of preventing and treating influenza infection. The article examines the effect of oral administration of saponin tauroside Sx1, obtained from the leaves of Crimean ivy, on the development of infection caused by influenza virus A/WSN/1/33(H1N1), and histological changes in the lungs of infected mice. It was revealed that oral administration of saponin tauroside Sx1 at a dose of 200 mcg/mouse day or 11.8 mg/kg/day for three days after infection led to an almost twofold statistically significant increase in the average life expectancy of infected animals from 6.50±0.67 to 11.10±2.19 days. The protective activity of tauroside Sx1 was established when administered orally in the early stages of influenza infection in mice. The protective effect of saponin is manifested in a significant increase in the average life expectancy and normalization of the structure of lung tissue in infected animals. The results obtained indicate the prospects for further study of saponin tauroside Sx1 as a potential component of anti-influenza drugs

Effect of different zinc concentrations on the growth functions of spring wheat seedlings

In laboratory experiments, the effect of different concentrations of zinc on the growth processes of seedlings of spring wheat cv. Ester was studied. The optimal concentration of zinc for seed treatment before sowing was revealed. The optimal concentration of zinc has a positive effect on the length of sprouts and roots, as well as the photosynthesis of seedlings of spring wheat in the early stages of development

The influence of agrotechnologies of organic farming on the content of humus, phosphorus and potassium in the soil

Abstract Organic agriculture is becoming an increasingly popular direction in modern agriculture. At the same time, some researchers and practitioners still have doubts about the ability of this technology to maintain the balance of nutrients in the soil. The article is a contribution to the study of the influence of long-term organic farming on agrochemical soil parameters. The aim of the study was to study the influence of organic farming technology on the content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil of the most important components for fertility – humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in the non-carbonate chernozems of Western Siberia. The chernozems of Western Siberia are characterized by a high content of humus and nutrients, have optimal properties for agricultural crops. A statistically processed comparison of the quantitative content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus in fields with long-term use of organic farming technology, and in similar fields where this technology was not used, was carried out. The article includes a brief geographical, geological, climatic characteristics of the place of the experiment, a description of the applied agricultural technologies and fertilizers. As a result, it was found that the use of organic farming technology has a positive effect on the state of soils, which is confirmed by an increase in the content of humus, mobile forms of potassium and mobile forms of phosphorus