Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Wave Propagation to the Balaklava Bay

Purpose. To investigate the process of tsunami wave propagation from the hypothetical earthquake foci to the Balaklava Bay, and to zone the tsunami impact upon the bay coastline based on the results of numerical modeling, are the purposes of the paper. Methods and Results. The results of numerical simulation of the tsunami wave propagation to the Balaklava Bay with subsequent flooding of the coast are presented. The problem of the tsunami wave propagation from three hypothetical earthquake foci and their evolution in the Black Sea was solved using the nonlinear model of long waves. Time dependences of the sea level fluctuations at the entrance to the Balaklava Bay were obtained. They were applied as boundary conditions at the liquid boundary of the computational domain, where the SWASH model had been used to simulate numerically the tsunami wave propagation in the bay with their subsequent run-up to the coast. Conclusions. Propagation of tsunami waves in the Balaklava Bay is accompanied by formation of the sea level seiche oscillations with a period ~ 8 min which correspond to the Helmholtz mode. Inside the bay, the tsunami heights increase by 5–6 times as compared to those at the entrance to the computational domain. The sea level fluctuations are maximal at the bay top, where its rise achieves 1.4–1.5 m. The eastern coast of the Balaklava Bay and the one adjacent to its top are subject to the strongest flooding. The values of water level on land measured from the ground level, reach 1.0–1.5 m, and at the bay top – 1.8 m. At the eastern coast of the bay, the flooding maximum length constitutes 60 m, at its top – 90 m

MAKING MARKETING DECISIONS IN AN UNSTABLE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The chapter presents an analysis of current features and difficulties in developing and making marketing decisions in the framework of enterprise management in unstable economic conditions. To a large extent, these difficulties are related to the transition of Russian socioeconomic systems from a tradi-tional development model to a transformational one. Socioeconomic trans-formations are accompanied by crisis phenomena and processes in which enterprises are developing. Their effective functioning in the interests of economic growth requires the introduction and further development of marketing systems based on the principle of mutual improvement of the economic entity, the consumer and the external market agent, that is, the creation of anti-crisis marketing. The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of making integrated marketing decisions and their nuances in the modern economic space. The main result of the study is to identify the impact of a difficult period in the functioning and development of the national economy on the transformation of marketing activities in enterprises. It is concluded that it is necessary to create a model for making anti-crisis marketing decisions, which will be characterized by its nonstandard nature, will be aimed at taking comprehensive, necessary measures and evaluating their effectiveness, taking into account both the short-and long-term prospects for the development of the system. © 2021 by Information Age Publishing

Synthesis and Investigations of Chiral NNO Type Copper(II) Coordination Polymers

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterizations of chiral copper(II) coordination polymers (CPs) based on Schiff base of (S)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine and salicylaldehyde derivatives. Single crystal X-ray analysis showed that copper(II) complex is 1D CP, with the repeating units LCu-OAc (L=ligand) organized in a perpendicular manner, where the copper(II) atoms are six-coordinated and have a distorted octahedral geometry. Also complex with chlorine counter ion having unusual dimeric structure was synthesized and characterized. It was demonstrated that CPs catalyze the enantioselective Henry reaction with up to 78% ee. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Synthesis and Investigations of Chiral NNO Type Copper(II) Coordination Polymers

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterizations of chiral copper(II) coordination polymers (CPs) based on Schiff base of (S)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine and salicylaldehyde derivatives. Single crystal X-ray analysis showed that copper(II) complex is 1D CP, with the repeating units LCu-OAc (L=ligand) organized in a perpendicular manner, where the copper(II) atoms are six-coordinated and have a distorted octahedral geometry. Also complex with chlorine counter ion having unusual dimeric structure was synthesized and characterized. It was demonstrated that CPs catalyze the enantioselective Henry reaction with up to 78% ee. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Henry Reaction Revisited. Crucial Role of Water in an Asymmetric Henry Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral NNO-Type Copper(II) Complexes

Chiral copper(II) and cobalt(III) complexes (1-5 and 6, respectively) derived from Schiff bases of (S)-2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine and salicylaldehyde derivatives were employed in a mechanistic study of the Henry reaction-type condensation of nitromethane and o-nitrobenzaldehyde in CH2Cl2 (CD2Cl2), containing different amounts of water. The reaction kinetics was monitored by 1H and 13C NMR. The addition of water had a different influence on the activity of the two types of complexes, ranging from a crucial positive effect in the case of the copper(II) complex 2 to insignificant in the case of the stereochemically inert cobalt(III) complex 6. No experimental support was found by 1H NMR studies for the classical Lewis acid complexation of the carbonyl group of the aldehyde by the central copper(II) ion, and, moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the absence of such coordination. On the other hand, a very significant complexation was found for water, and it was supported by DFT calculations. In fact, we suggest that it is the Brønsted acidity of the water molecule coordinated to the metal ion that triggers the aldehyde activation. The rate-limiting step of the reaction was the removal of an α-proton from the nitromethane molecule, as supported by the observed kinetic isotope effect equaling 6.3 in the case of the copper complex 2. It was found by high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization that the copper(II) complex 2 existed in CH2Cl2 in a dimeric form. The reaction had a second-order dependence on the catalyst concentration, which implicated two dimeric forms of the copper(II) complex 2 in the rate-limiting step. Furthermore, DFT calculations help to generate a plausible structure of the stereodetermining transition step of the condensation. © 2019 American Chemical Society