La fécondité des mariages précoces au Canada avant 1700

L’étude a comme objectif, non pas tant de décrire la fécondité de nos ancêtres, mais de contribuer, par un apport de nouvelles observations, à enrichir la problématique concernant le processus d’acquisition de l’état fertile. À l’aide des mesures traditionnelles de fécondité (taux et intervalles génésiques), l’article tente d’expliquer comment pourrait évoluer la fécondabilité de la puberté à l’âge de 20 ans, compte tenu de l’interférence des autres facteurs physiologiques affectant les mesures de fécondité, notamment la mortalité intra-utérine et la stérilité temporaire du début de la puberté. L’originalité de l’étude tient surtout au caractère exceptionnel de la population concernée, laquelle se caractérise par une fécondité naturelle, une nuptialité remarquablement précoce et des effectifs importants

Genetic Identification of Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Susceptibility and Survival Mechanisms During Antibiotic Treatment

Effective treatment of tuberculosis requires at least six months of combination therapy involving four antibiotics. Alterations in the physiological state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection may reduce drug efficacy and prolong treatment, but these adaptations are incompletely defined. To investigate the mechanisms limiting antibiotic efficacy, I performed a comprehensive genetic study to identify M. tuberculosis genes and pathways important for bacterial survival during antibiotic treatment in vivo. First, I identified mutants in the glycerol kinase enzyme, GlpK, that promote survival under combination therapy. Similar glycerol catabolic mutants are enriched in extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates, indicating that these mutations may promote survival and the development of resistance in humans. A majority of these mutations are frameshifts within a homopolymeric region of the glpK gene, leading to the hypothesis that M. tuberculosis may reversibly produce drug-tolerant phenotypes through genetic variation introduced at homopolymer sites as a strategy for survival during antibiotic treatment. Second, I identified bacterial mutants with altered susceptibility to individual first-line anti-mycobacterial drugs. Many of these mutations did not have obvious effects in vitro, demonstrating that a wide variety of natural genetic variants can influence drug efficacy in vivo without altering standard drug-susceptibility tests. A number of these genes are enriched in drug-resistant clinical isolates, indicating that these genetic variants influence treatment outcome. Together, these data suggest new targets for improving therapy, as well as mechanisms of genetic adaptations that can reduce antibiotic efficacy and contribute to the evolution of resistance

Poverty Ends with a 12 Year Old Girl: Empowerment and the Contradictions of International Development

This thesis argues that international development programs focused on adolescent girls reproduce problematic and contradictory depictions of girls in the global South. Using Girl Effect marketing materials and interviews with INGO staff, I demonstrate that present-day international aid programs center on the neoliberal notion that an empowered adolescent girl holds the unique potential to end global poverty. Through empowerment programs, girls are encouraged to recognize their agency and take personal responsibility for improving the wellbeing of their communities. However, I argue that even as development leaders claim that an empowered adolescent girl is a source of indefatigable strength who can transform her community, they carry a deep conviction that such a feat is not possible without significant Western aid. Despite the empowerment rhetoric that The Girl Effect and related international initiatives espouse, their programs depict adolescent girls in the developing world as vulnerable and oppressed by poverty, local men, and their cultures. Thus, Western donors are called upon to save “Third World” adolescent girls. I argue that these contradictions in the language of international development contribute to the perception of girls in the global South as weak, inferior, and homogenous and lead to the establishment of programs that strengthen inequitable structures and sideline girls’ sexual rights

Restricted Full Three-Body Problem: Application to Binary System 1999 KW4

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76569/1/AIAA-30937-245.pd

Discours néolibéral d’émancipation dans le champ de l’usage des drogues : réduction des méfaits et empowerment

Le champ de la régulation de l’usage des drogues a connu des transformations majeures au cours des dernières décennies. Ces transformations se sont particulièrement manifestées par l’engouement pour les stratégies de réduction des méfaits et la prolifération des techniques et programmes d’empowerment. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la popularité accrue de ces nouvelles stratégies d’intervention à la lumière des transformations plus globales que marque le passage d’un mode de régulation providentialiste à un mode de régulation néolibéral. Cette analyse nous conduit à identifier deux thématiques réciproques de cette nouvelle forme de régulation, soit la critique du modèle institutionnel de type providentialiste et la promotion de la participation citoyenne. Cette analyse nous permet de poursuivre plus avant une réflexion sur la manière dont sont définies ces nouvelles dynamiques émancipatrices à l’ère du néolibéralisme.Regulation of drug use has undergone major changes in the last few decades. These changes have been marked in particular by a vigorous campaign to develop crime reduction strategies and by the proliferation of techniques and programs of empowerment. The aim of this paper is to analyze the growing popularity of these new intervention strategies in light of the more global changes that are marked by the switch from a providentialist to a neoliberal method of regulation. This analysis leads us to identify two reciprocal themes of this new form of regulation, namely the critique of the providentialist-type institutional model and the promotion of citizen participation. This analysis leads us to an in-depth reflection on the way in which these new emancipatory dynamics are defined in the age of neoliberalism.El campo del reglamento del uso de las drogas conoció transformaciones principales durante las últimas décadas. Estas transformaciones especialmente se manifestaron por el entusiasmo para las estrategias de reducción de las fechorías y la proliferación de las técnicas y programas de empowerment. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el mayor renombre para estas nuevas estrategias de intervención a la luz de las transformaciones más globales que señala el paso de un método de reglamento providencialista a un método de reglamento neoliberal. Este análisis nos conduce a definir dos temas recíprocos de esta nueva forma de regulación, o sea la crítica del modelo institucional de tipo providencialista y la promoción de la participación ciudadana. Este análisis nos permite proseguir más antes de una reflexión sobre la manera en que se definen estas nuevas dinámicas emancipadoras a la era del neoliberalismo

Children's rights in the digital age: a download from children around the world

Evidence from across the world is telling us that no matter where they are from, more and more children are relying on digital tools, platforms and services to learn, engage, participate, play, innovate, work or socialise. Foreward Some two-thirds of the world’s almost three billion internet users are from the developing world, with the numbers growing every day. Many of these new users are children and young people; in fact in many countries, internet users under the age of 24 far outnumber the rest. A growing body of evidence from across the world is also telling us that no matter where they are from, more and more children are relying on digital tools, platforms and services to learn, engage, participate, play, innovate, work or socialise. There are already countless examples of how – when harnessed appropriately – digital tools can help promote human development, by closing gaps in access to information, speeding up service delivery, supporting educational and health outcomes, and creating new entrepreneurship opportunities. The power of technology to jump across borders and time zones, to join the once disparate, and to foster social connectedness, has provided the means for the children and young people of today to participate in a global society in ways previously not possible. Sadly, there are also new or evolving risks – exposure to violence; access to inappropriate content, goods and services; concerns about excessive use; and issues of data protection and privacy. As it becomes increasingly difficult to draw the line between offline and online, it is necessary for us to examine how this changing environment impacts the wellbeing and development of children and their rights. Ensuring that all children are safe online requires approaches that promote digital literacy, resilience and cyber-savvy. It is only in partnership that we can reach consensus on how to create a safe, open, accessible, affordable and secure digital world. Critically, children and young people’s profound insight must help inform, shape and drive this goal – which needs to focus on equity of access, safety for all, digital literacy across generations, identity and privacy, participation and civic engagement. In April of this year, the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University and UNICEF co-hosted, in collaboration with PEW Internet, EU Kids Online, the Internet Society (ISOC), Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI), and YouthPolicy.org, a first of its kind international ‘Digitally Connected’ symposium on children, youth, and digital media. The symposium sought to map and explore the global state of research and practice in this field, and to facilitate sharing, discussion and collaboration among the 150 academics, practitioners, young people, activists, philanthropists, government officials, and representatives of technology companies from around the world.   &nbsp