Optimization of HS-SPME analytical conditions using factorial design for trihalomethanes determination in swimming pool water samples

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are widely referred and studied as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The THMs that are most commonly detected are chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), and bromoform (TBM). Several studies regarding the determination of THMs in swimming pool water and air samples have been published. This paper reviews the most recent work in this field, with a special focus on water and air sampling, sample preparation and analytical determination methods. An experimental study has been developed in order to optimize the headspace solid-phasemicroextraction (HS-SPME) conditions of TCM, BDCM, CDBM and TBM from water samples using a 23 factorial design. An extraction temperature of 45 °C, for 25min, and a desorption time of 5 min were found to be the best conditions. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The method was successfully applied to a set of 27 swimming pool water samples collected in the Oporto area (Portugal). TCM was the only THM detected with levels between 4.5 and 406.5 μg L−1. Four of the samples exceeded the guideline value for total THMs in swimming pool water (100 μgL−1) indicated by the Portuguese Health Authority

Paranhos spring galleries catchworks from Porto urban area (NW Portugal) : a geoenvironmental approach

This multidisciplinary study presents the preliminary results of the structural geology and geotechnical studies of a granitic rock-mass block delimitation. In addition, hydrogeological and ecotoxicological methods were used to assess the nature and suitability for use of groundwater from spring horizontal galleries catchworks located in Porto urban area. These springs represented one of the main water supplies of Porto city, for more than five centuries. For the characterisation of the granitic rock-mass, the scanline sampling technique of discontinuities has been applied to the study of granitic free rock-mass faces from Paranhos tunnels (Porto urban area). For that purpose, the underground area (ca. 3km extension and a -25m of depth) was studied using the following tools: subsurface geological and geotechnical mapping (scale: 1/1.000), structural geology and geotechnics/geomechanics techniques. Water samples were collected from several sampling sites for hydrogeological and ecotoxicological analyses. A geoenvironmental approach probably offers the best potential for reliable surface water and groundwater studies and characterisation of the geospatial parameters variability, such as, lithological heterogeneity, structural geology features, geomorphology, hydrogeology and geotechnics of a specific site. This study contributes to a better water management of the urban geo-space, either in historical and heritage terms, or for several purposes of public use