Exponential approximations in optimal design

One-point and two-point exponential functions have been developed and proved to be very effective approximations of structural response. The exponential has been compared to the linear, reciprocal and quadratic fit methods. Four test problems in structural analysis have been selected. The use of such approximations is attractive in structural optimization to reduce the numbers of exact analyses which involve computationally expensive finite element analysis

The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production

Nomenclature A = area E b = black body emission per unit area Fij or F sj = shape factor between surfaces i and j (including; = (') or between gas and surface j q = heat transfer m = mass flow rate N = number of surface elements on the wall and the solid T = temperature Az = size of each axial segment of the kil