Quantitative expression of immune-related genes in spleen (a), anterior (b) and posterior (c) intestine of European sea bass fed different diets for 29 days.

<p>Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 6). Bars represent fold change of Arg1 (dark grey columns) and Arg2 (light grey columns) relatively to the CTRL group, previously normalized to endogenous β-Actin expression levels. Asterisks indicate significant differences relatively to CTRL group; section sign indicates differences between arginine supplementation levels (One-way ANOVA; P < 0.05)</p

Respiratory burst activity of circulating leucocytes of European sea bass fed different diets for 15 (black columns) or 29 (grey columns) days.

<p>Values represent means ± SEM of relative light units (n = 6). Different capital letters stand for statistically significant differences between diets regardless of feeding time. Different low case letters stand for statistically significant differences between diets within the same feeding time (Two-way ANOVA; P < 0.05)</p

Bactericidal activity (a) and nitric oxide content (b) in plasma of European sea bass fed different diets for 15 (black columns) or 29 (grey columns) days.

<p>Values represent means ± SEM (n = 6). Asterisks denote differences attributed to feeding time within each diet. Different capital letters stand for statistically significant differences between diets regardless of feeding time (Two-way ANOVA; P < 0.05)</p

Amino acid composition (mg/g diet) of experimental diets.

<p>¹Indispensable amino acids;</p><p>²Dispensable AA amino acids</p><p>Trp was not analysed. Values are means ± SD.</p

Ingredients and proximal composition of experimental diets.

<p>¹ Peruvian fishmeal: 71% crude protein (CP), 11% crude fat (CF), EXALMAR, Peru</p><p>² CPSP 90 fish soluble protein concentrate: 84% CP, 12% CF, Sopropêche, France.</p><p>³ Pharma Grade bloom 240: 92% CP, LAPI Gelatine SPA, Italy</p><p>⁴ Soycomil P: 65% CP, 0.8% CF, ADM, The Netherlands.</p><p>⁵ Lysamine GP: 78% CP, 8% CF, ROQUETTE, France.</p><p>⁶ VITAL: 85.7% CP, 1.3% CF, ROQUETTE, France.</p><p>⁷ Corn gluten feed: 61% CP, 6% CF, COPAM, Portugal.</p><p>⁸ Solvent extracted dehulled soybean meal: 47% CP, 2.6% CF, SORGAL SA, Portugal.</p><p>⁹ Defatted rapeseed meal: 36% CP, 2% CF, SORGAL SA, Portugal.</p><p>¹⁰ COPPENS International, The Netherlands.</p><p>¹¹ Henry Lamotte Oils GmbH, Germany.</p><p>¹² Crude palm oil: Gustav Heess GmbH, Germany.</p><p>¹³ Premix for marine fish, PREMIX Lda, Portugal. Vitamins (IU or mg/kg diet): DL-alpha tocopherol acetate, 100 mg; sodium menadione bisulphate, 25 mg; retinyl acetate, 20000 IU; DL-cholecalciferol, 2000 IU; thiamin, 30 mg; riboflavin, 30 mg; pyridoxine, 20 mg; cyanocobalamin, 0.1 mg; nicotinic acid, 200 mg; folic acid, 15 mg; ascorbic acid, 1000 mg; inositol, 500 mg; biotin, 3 mg; calcium panthotenate, 100 mg; choline chloride, 1000 mg, betaine, 500 mg. Minerals (g or mg/kg diet): cobalt carbonate, 0.65 mg; copper sulphate, 9 mg; ferric sulphate, 6 mg; potassium iodide, 0.5 mg; manganese oxide, 9.6 mg; sodium selenite, 0.01 mg; zinc sulphate, 7.5 mg; sodium chloride, 400 mg; calcium carbonate, 1.86 g; excipient wheat middlings.</p><p>¹⁴ Paramega PX, Kemin Europe NV, Belgium.</p><p>¹⁵ Monocalcium phosphate: 22% phosphorus, 16% calcium, Fosfitalia, Italy.</p><p>Ingredients and proximal composition of experimental diets.</p

Cumulative mortality of European sea bass i.c. injected with <i>V</i>. <i>anguillarum</i> serotype O1 after 15 (1.5 × 10⁴ CFU ml^-1, a) or 29 days (3 × 10³ CFU ml^-1, b) of feeding with CTRL (black line), Arg1 (light grey line) or Arg2 (dark grey line) diets.

<p>Values are means of triplicate tanks (n = 30). SEM and sham injected fish are not presented for the clarity of the graphs.</p

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Under control: how a dietary additive can restore the gut microbiome and proteomic profile, and improve disease resilience in a marine teleostean fish fed vegetable diets

Krona visualisation of the relative abundance of intestinal bacterial OTUs identified in fish fed D1. (HTML 238 kb