Electrochemical deduction of levodopa by utilizing modified electrodes: A review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic movement impairment that is clinically distinguished by gait dysfunction, rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia. Parkinson's disease originators are unknown but this disease emerges when dopamine levels in the brain are decreased. For the purpose of appeasing the numerous symptoms of early stage PD, dopaminergic replacement therapy with a levodopa precursor can be beneficial. Thus, the creation of analytical tools to determine levodopa is required. Electrochemical mechanisms are typically used to detect levodopa. There have been recent advancements in using electrochemical detection for levodopa. In this study, the several uses of levodopa electrochemical sensors in areas such as pharmaceutical or clinical evaluation, with levodopa as a vital analyte are reviewed. © 2019 Elsevier B.V