Evaluation and Variability of Flood-Oriented Health of Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed from Watershed Management Structures

IntroductionCurrently, many disasters threaten the health of ecosystems. The pressures caused by extensive human interventions and the unprincipled exploitation of natural resources have led to the degradation of natural resources and the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Hence, evaluating the consequences of human intervention in nature and meeting the growing need of humans to receive diverse services has made it necessary to evaluate the performance of watershed ecosystems in providing different services. Healthy watersheds play an important role in providing a wide variety of ecosystem services. Therefore, watershed health monitoring and evaluation is vital for the conservation of ecosystems and achieving the optimal level of services. In such a way a suitable collaborative and executive approach is established between research and watershed management. In this connection, watershed health analysis can provide valuable help in achieving the goals of integrated management of watersheds and, of course, the balance between the needs of human societies and ecosystems. However, the assessment of the health and sustainability of the watershed affected by human activities has not been sufficiently documented yet.Materials and MethodsThe current pilot research has evaluated the health of the Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed in Fars Province, Iran, and the effect of existing watershed management structures in the region on the health of the watershed with a focus on floods. For this purpose, 36 key criteria from a set of climatic, anthropogenic, and hydrologic factors were identified based on the conditions of the region and the analysis of the flood occurrence process in the watershed. The selected criteria were then categorized into the three indices of pressure (P), state (S), and response (R). After screening the selected criteria in exploring the conceptual approach of pressure, state, and response (PSR), the health status was evaluated in two cases with and without watershed management structures.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the health condition without considering the watershed management structures was at average conditions with health index of 0.55. In addition, the results of the watershed health assessment verified the non-significant effects of stone and mortar structures on improving watershed health. So that, the health conditions was remained at average status with health index of 0.53. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that the existing watershed management structures, due to the limited both number and spatial coverage, have not been able to noticeably affect the improvement of the general conditions of the watershed, despite the effect on the factors affecting the health of the sub-watersheds where the structures have been constructed. The spatial changes of the calculated variables showed that the abandoned lands, time of concentration, area under military activities, surface of sensitive formations to erosion, high density of the drainage network, density of the roads, areas of regions with high potential in producing runoff and sediment, and size of the residential areas were the most important factors affecting the health situation of the Darwazeh Quran Watershed.ConclusionAccording to the results of the analysis of the indicators and criteria considered in evaluation of the health of the Shiraz Darwazeh Quran Watershed based on the PSR approach, it was found that the watershed had an average health status. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that the existing watershed management structures have not been able to impose a noticeable effect on the prosperity and improvement of watershed health conditions. In general, it can be said that abandoned lands, short concentration time, military activities, the presence of formations sensitive to erosion, high density of drainage network and road, and the potential of high runoff and sediment production, and the size of residential areas are among the most important factors affecting the declining the health of Darwazeh Quran Watershed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay further attention to the aforesaid factors by conducting periodical monitoring with more comprehensive data, in time and also analyzing the trend of relative changes of the indicators in order to explain the adaptive and intelligent management of the watershed. The necessary measures should also be taken into account simultaneously. Therefore, it is suggested to turn the weak points of the region into strong points by applying bioengineering measures and use the opportunities in the region such as the potential of tourism and ecological features in order to improve the health status of the watershed

Evaluation of DNA repair capacity in parents of pediatric patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder using the comet assay procedure

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication, limited repetitive behaviors, impaired language development, and interest or activity patterns, which include a group complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with diverse phenotypes that reveal considerable etiological and clinical heterogeneity and are also considered one of the most heritable disorders (over 90%). Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in the development of ASD. Aim: This study was designed to investigate the extent of DNA damage in parents of autistic children by treating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with bleomycin and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll method and treated with a specific concentration of bleomycin and H2O2 for 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Then, the degree of DNA damage was analyzed by the alkaline comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), an effective way to measure DNA fragmentation in eukaryotic cells. Results: Our findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the increase of DNA damage in parents with affected children compared to the control group, which can indicate the inability of the DNA molecule repair system. Furthermore, our study showed a significant association between fathers’ occupational difficulties (exposed to the influence of environmental factors), as well as family marriage, and suffering from ASD in offspring. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the influence of environmental factors on parents of autistic children may affect the development of autistic disorder in their offspring. Subsequently, based on our results, investigating the effect of environmental factors on the amount of DNA damage in parents with affected children requires more studies