New towns and their practical challenges: The experience of Poulad Shahr in Iran

Iran\u27s rapidly growing urban population is concentrated in a few large cities. Using the new town strategy, the government of Iran plans to direct future population growth and economic activities from large cities such as Tehran, Esfahan, Mashad, Shiraz and Tabriz to new towns around them. The strategy recommends that new towns should be balanced and self-contained. This paper examines the case study of Poulad Shahr, a major new town located in the Esfahan Region, where the new town strategy has been more vigorously applied than anywhere else in Iran. Specifically, it describes and evaluates the practical challenges that surrounded its development in the past and the implications of these challenges for Poulad Shahr and other new towns in the Esfahan Region and elsewhere in Iran in the future. It is concluded that Poulad Shahr has a long and difficult road ahead to reach its target population of 500,000 and become a dynamic, balanced and self-contained new town. The analysis and findings of this paper are useful to planners, other professionals and public policy makers involved in new town planning in Iran and other developing countries. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Green communication for next-generation wireless systems: optimization strategies, challenges, solutions, and future aspects

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a backbone technology for the wireless communication era. The demand for WSN is rapidly increasing due to their major role in various applications with a wider deployment and omnipresent nature. The WSN is rapidly integrated into a large number of applications such as industrial, security, monitoring, tracking, and applications in home automation. The widespread use in many different areas attracts research interest in WSNs. Therefore, researchers are taking initiatives in exploring innovation day by day particularly towards the Internet of Things (IoT). But, WSN is having lots of challenging issues that need to be addressed, and the inherent characteristics of WSN severely affect the performance. Energy constraints are one of the primary issues that require urgent attention from the research community. Optimal energy optimization strategies are needed to counter the issue of energy constraints. Although one of the most appropriate schemes for handling energy constraints issues is the appropriate energy harvesting technique, the optimal energy optimization strategies should be coupled together for effectively utilizing the harvested energy. In this high-level systematic and taxonomical survey, we have organized the energy optimization strategies for EH-WSNs into eleven factors, namely, radio optimization schemes, optimizing the energy harvesting process, data reduction schemes, schemes based on cross-layer optimization, schemes based on cross-layer optimization, sleep/wake-up policies, schemes based on load balancing, schemes based on optimization of power requirement, optimization of communication mechanism, schemes based on optimization of battery operations, mobility-based schemes, and finally energy balancing schemes. We have also prepared the summarized view of various protocols/algorithms with their remarkable details. This systematic and taxonomy survey also provides a progressive detailed overview and classification of various optimization challenges for the EH-WSNs that require attention from the researcher followed by a survey of corresponding solutions for corresponding optimization issues. Further, this systematic and taxonomical survey also provides a deep analysis of various emerging energy harvesting technologies in the last twenty years of the era