Nonparametric Bayesian Multiple Comparisons for Dependence Parameter in Bivariate Exponential Populations

A nonparametric Bayesian multiple comparisons problem (MCP) for dependence parameters in I bivariate exponential populations is studied. A simple method for pairwise comparisons of these parameters is also suggested. The methodology by Gopalan and Berry (1998) is extended using Dirichlet process priors, applied in the form of baseline prior and likelihood combination to provide the comparisons. Computation of the posterior probabilities of all possible hypotheses are carried out through a Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Gibbs sampling, due to the intractability of analytic evaluation. The process of MCP for the dependent parameters of bivariate exponential populations is illustrated with a numerical example

Sensitivity to Visual-Tactile Colocation on the Body Prior to Skilled Reaching in Early Infancy

Two experiments examined perceptual colocation of visual and tactile stimuli in young infants. Experiment 1 compared 4‐ (n = 15) and 6‐month‐old (n = 12) infants’ visual preferences for visual‐tactile stimulus pairs presented across the same or different feet. The 4‐ and 6‐month‐olds showed, respectively, preferences for colocated and noncolocated conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to visual‐tactile colocation on their feet. This extends previous findings of visual‐tactile perceptual colocation on the hands in older infants. Control conditions excluded the possibility that both 6‐ (Experiment 1), and 4‐month‐olds (Experiment 2, n = 12) perceived colocation on the basis of an undifferentiated supramodal coding of spatial distance between stimuli. Bimodal perception of visual‐tactile colocation is available by 4 months of age, that is, prior to the development of skilled reaching

Di-tert-butyl cyclo­hex-2-ene-1,4-diyl dicarbonate

In the title mol­ecule, C16H26O6, the central cyclo­hexene ring is in a half-chair conformation. The carbonyl groups are in a trans arrangement with respect to each other and the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the carbonate groups is 10.8 (2)°

Sensitivity to Visual‐Tactile Colocation on the Body Prior to Skilled Reaching in Early Infancy

Two experiments examined perceptual colocation of visual and tactile stimuli in young infants. Experiment 1 compared 4‐ (n = 15) and 6‐month‐old (n = 12) infants’ visual preferences for visual‐tactile stimulus pairs presented across the same or different feet. The 4‐ and 6‐month‐olds showed, respectively, preferences for colocated and noncolocated conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to visual‐tactile colocation on their feet. This extends previous findings of visual‐tactile perceptual colocation on the hands in older infants. Control conditions excluded the possibility that both 6‐ (Experiment 1), and 4‐month‐olds (Experiment 2, n = 12) perceived colocation on the basis of an undifferentiated supramodal coding of spatial distance between stimuli. Bimodal perception of visual‐tactile colocation is available by 4 months of age, that is, prior to the development of skilled reaching

2,5-Dimethyl­hexane-2,5-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

The title structure, C22H24N2O10, contains two independent centrosymmetric mol­ecules. The only significant difference between the mol­ecules is the dihedral angle between the unique carbonate group (–O—CO2–) and the benzene ring, the values being 77.35 (8) and 66.42 (8)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

trans-Cyclo­hexane-1,4-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

In the title crystal structure, C20H18N2O10, there are two independent mol­ecules, both of which lie on crystallographic inversion centres. In one mol­ecule the 4-nitro­phenyl dicarbonate groups are substituted in equatorial (A eq) positions of the chair-form cyclo­hexane ring while in the other mol­ecule the substitution is axial (B ax). The dihedral angles between the atoms of the symmetry-unique carbonate group (O=CO2—) and benzene ring for each mol­ecule are 47.3 (1)° for A eq and 11.7 (2)° for B ax. In B ax, this facilitates the formation of a weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond, while the packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

Bis(4-nitro­phen­yl) 1,3-phenyl­ene­dimethyl­ene dicarbonate

In the title mol­ecule, C22H16N2O10, the dihedral angles between the benzene rings of the 4-nitro­phenyl groups and the central benzene ring are 32.7 (1) and 34.7 (1)°, while the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings of the 4-nitro­phenyl groups is 3.6 (2)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers

trans-Cyclo­hex-2-ene-1,4-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

Although the title mol­ecule, C20H16N2O10, does not possess mol­ecular inversion symmetry, it lies on a crystallographic inversion centre which imposes disorder on the central cyclo­hexene ring. In addition, the cyclo­hexene ring has non-symmetry-related disorder over two sites, with the ratio of the major and minor components being 0.54:0.46. The overall effect is to produce four disorder components for the atoms of the cyclo­hexene ring. The side chain is perfectly ordered and the dihedral angle between the atoms of the carbonate group (O=CO2—) and the benzene ring is 72.99 (6)°

Behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUNDS: Atypicalities in tactile processing are reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but it remains unknown if they precede and associate with the traits of these disorders emerging in childhood. We investigated behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and/or ADHD compared to infants at typical likelihood of the disorders. Further, we assessed the specificity of associations between infant markers and later ASD or ADHD traits. METHODS: Ninety-one 10-month-old infants participated in the study (n = 44 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD; n = 20 infants at elevated likelihood of ADHD; n = 9 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and ADHD; n = 18 infants at typical likelihood of the disorders). Behavioural and EEG responses to pairs of tactile stimuli were experimentally recorded and concurrent parental reports of tactile responsiveness were collected. ASD and ADHD traits were measured at 24 months through standardized assessment (ADOS-2) and parental report (ECBQ), respectively. RESULTS: There was no effect of infants' likelihood status on behavioural markers of tactile sensory processing. Conversely, increased ASD likelihood associated with reduced neural repetition suppression to tactile input. Reduced neural repetition suppression at 10 months significantly predicted ASD (but not ADHD) traits at 24 months across the entire sample. Elevated tactile sensory seeking at 10 months moderated the relationship between early reduced neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced tactile neural repetition suppression is an early marker of later ASD traits in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD or ADHD, suggesting that a common pathway to later ASD traits exists despite different familial backgrounds. Elevated tactile sensory seeking may act as a protective factor, mitigating the relationship between early tactile neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits

Early Motor Differences in Infants at Elevated Likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract: We investigated infant’s manual motor behaviour; specifically behaviours crossing the body midline. Infants at elevated likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) produced fewer manual behaviours that cross the midline compared to infants with a typical likelihood of developing these disorders; however this effect was limited to 10-month-olds and not apparent at age 5 and 14 months. Although, midline crossing did not predict ASD traits, it was related to ADHD traits at 2 years of age. We rule out motor ability and hand dominance as possible explanations for this pattern of behaviour, positing that these results may be a consequence of multisensory integration abilities, and the neurobehavioural shift period, in the first year of life