Herbicides application in spring row crops

The level of weed infestation of maize and sunflower differs over locations and directly affects the intensity of the competitive relationships between crops and weeds, which results in lower or greater yield losses. The experiment with tested herbicides was placed at Lipar (Serbia) during 2017. Efficacy and phytotoxicity was evaluated according EPPO/OEPP standards. The dominant weeds were: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium hybridum L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Datura stramonium L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Sinapis arvensis L., Xanthium strumarium L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Setaria glauca L., Sorghum halerense (L.) Pers., Echinochloa crus-gali L., Agropyrum repens L. In the maize presence of invasive weed species Thladiantha dubia L., was found. Isoxaflutole, herbicide for soil application had good efficacy on weeds in maize crop. Fluorochloridone, terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor had good efficacy on all weeds in sunflower, except for broad-leaf species Convolvulus arvensis L

Estimate of control measures for aquatic macrophytes in Bečej-Bogojevo channel - Serbia

From June to August 2016, a field survey of the distribution of aquatic macrophytes was performed along Bečej-Bogojevo channel, survey mark 0+250-1+600km. In this research taxonomy and vegetation of macrophytes are given. Dominant aquatic macrophytes were identified as well as their morphological and biological characteristics. Based on results at 10 locations of the Bečej-Bogojevo channel 16 weed species were determined. The main aquatic macrophytes occurring in study area are Ceratophyllum demersum L., Trapa natans L., and Salvinia natans L.All. Mechanical control measures were effective on all identified species except Salvinia natans (L). All. which is restores from fragments, while from biological measures in our country only the introduction of the grass carp species is applied (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1844)

Weed composition and control in apple orchards under intensive and extensive floor management

Weed control in apple tree (Malus domestica [Suckow] Borkh.) orchards continues to be a major problem. Weeds compete with fruit trees, which is manifested in production quality and quantity. The aim of this study was to determine the weed flora of apple orchards with different floor management practices and to investigate the efficacy of the diquat, oxyfluorfen, glyphosate, and fluazifop-P-butyl herbicides. Experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 in orchards under intensive (Ruski Krstur) and extensive (Sombor) floor management. Annual, perennial broad-leaf, and grass weeds were identified. Dominant weed species in both apple orchards were Poa annua, Hordeum murinum, Conyza canadensis, Portulaca oleracea, Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum halepense, Carduus acanthoides, Amaranthus retroflexus, Cirsium arvense, Chenopodium album, and Solanum nigrum. After the first and second assessments, the best results occurred with glyphosate in both orchards and total efficacy ranged from 88.42% to 98.32% in the orchard under intensive floor management and 90.32% to 95.55% in the orchard under extensive floor management. Diquat and oxyfluorfen have shown good results, but their efficacy was lower than for glyphosate. Fluazifop-P-butyl, as a selective herbicide, showed low efficacy at both sites; it had high efficacy on grass weeds, but no effects on broad-leaf weeds

Dissipation and persistence of thiacloprid in pepper fruits

This study gives insight into the behavior of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid in greenhouse production of pepper. Thiacloprid was applied at a concentration of 96 g a.i./ ha, as recommended by the manufacturer for aphid control. Degradation of thiacloprid in pepper fruits was evaluated over a ten-day period, starting from the moment of insecticide application. Sample preparation was performed using the QuEChERS method for liquid chromatography with diode array detection for identification and quantification of thiacloprid residues in extracts of pepper samples. The method was validated in accordance with the SANCO/12571/2013 document. The obtained mean recovery value was 83.69%, with RSD 5.05%. Intraday precision was 3.21%. Within a concentration range from 0.01-2.0 μg/ml, thiacloprid showed linear calibration with R2 0.997%, while the quantification limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The results of a field trial showed that thiacloprid dissipated rapidly from 1.136 mg/kg to 0.321 mg/kg with a loss of 72% in the first two days after application. Throughout the experimental period, thiacloprid residues in pepper fruits basically remained at a stable low level, and no residue exceeding 0.198 mg/kg was detected in the terminal residue experiment, which was below the MRL of 1.0 mg/kg. The half-life (DT50) of thiacloprid in pepper fruits obtained in this study was 4.95 days. Finally, the pre-harvest interval (PHI) for thiacloprid prescribed by Serbian authorities was proved to be safe enough in greenhouse production of pepper

Clinical manifestations, therapy and outcome of pandemic influenza a (H1N1) 2009 in hospitalized patients

Background/Aim. Increasing number of epidemiological and clinical studies to date showed that the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, by its characteristics, significantly differs from infection caused by seasonal influenza. Therefore, the information about clinical spectrum of manifestations, risk factors for severe form of the disease, treatment and outcome in patients with novel flu are still collected. Methods. A total of 98 patients (mean age 32 ± 15 years, range 14-88 years) with the signs and symptoms of novel influenza were treated in the Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Military Medical Academy. There were 74 (75.5%) patients with suspected influenza A (H1N1) 2009, 10 (10.2%) with the likelihood and 14 (14.3%) with the confirmed influenza. In all the patients we registered the basic demographic data, risk factors for severe disease, symptoms and signs of influenza, laboratory tests and chest radiography. We analyzed antiviral therapy use and disease outcome (survived, died). Results. The average time from the beginning of influenza A (H1N1) to the admission in hospital was 3 days (0-16 days) and from the moment of hospitalization to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission was 2 days (0-5 days). There were 49 (50.0%) patients, 20-29 years of age and 5 (5.1%) patients older than 65. A total of 21 (21.4%) patients were with underlying disease, 18 (18.4%) were obese, 19 (19.4%) were cigarette smokers. All of the patients had fever, 81 (82.6%) cough, while dyspnea and diarrhea were registered in ¼ of the patients. In more than 75% of the patients laboratory tests were within normal limits. The realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for identification of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was positive in 14 (77.8%), while pneumonia was verified in 30 (30.7%) of the patients. Six (6.1%) patients, mean age of 45 ± 14 years (31-59 years) were admitted to the ICU, of whom five (5.1%) had Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Risk factors were registered more frequently in the patients with acute respiratory failure (14.2% vs 4.9%, p < 0.05). A total of 67 (68.4%) patients received oseltamivir, 89 (90.1%) was applied to antibiotics and 64 (65.3%) were treated with a combined therapy. Antiviral therapy was applied to 43 (43.3%) patients in the first 48 hours from the onset of the disease, of whom only one (3.4%) developed ARDS. Fatal outcome was noted in 2.0% of the patients (2 of 98 patients) and in 33.3% of the patients treated in the ICU. Conclusion. Novel influenza A (H1N1) is most commonly manifested as a mild acute respiratory disease, which usually affects young healthy adults. A small number of the patients develop severe illness with acute respiratory failure and death. Patients seem to have benefit from antiviral therapy especially in first 48 hours