Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term ‘apoptosis’ is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better define

New atlas and directory of Grand Traverse County, Michigan / drawings, descriptive text &c. by George E. Steele ; assisted by Chas. M. Beers ; engraving, printing, coloring & binding by E.P. Noll & Co. ; special maps by Rand, McNally & Co.

1 atlas (108 p., [4] folded leaves) : 24 col. maps ; 46 cm.Cadastral maps showing land ownership and school district boundaries.Includes landowner and business directories and history of Grand Traverse Region.Barnett 5-1141Map of Traverse Township and Trverse City missing from MHC copy

New atlas and directory of Grand Traverse County, Michigan /

Includes landowner and business directories and history of Grand Traverse Region.Cadastral maps showing land ownership and school district boundaries.BarnettMode of access: Internet.Map of Traverse Township and Trverse City missing from MHC copy

The official atlas and directory of Antrim County, Michigan /

Includes directory of landowners.Shows land ownership and school district boundaries.Cover title: Atlas of Antrim County.Barnett 5-0100Mode of access: Internet

The official atlas and directory of Antrim County, Michigan / compiled and arranged by Seymour E. Pond ; assisted by H. S. Munger ; drawings by Chas. M. Beers ; engraving, printing, coloring & binding by E.P. Noll & Co. ; special maps by Rand, McNally & Co.

1 atlas (88 p., [4] folded leaves) : 34 col. maps ; 48 cm.Cover title: Atlas of Antrim County.Shows land ownership and school district boundaries.Includes directory of landowners.Barnett 5-010