Determination of carbon footprint for local administrations: a case study for Ümraniye Municipality

Bugün olumsuz etkileri ile karşı karşıya olduğumuz küresel ısınmanın azaltılması yönünde uluslararası, ulusal, bölgesel ve yerel düzeyde önlemler alınması yoluna gidilmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın büyük ölçüde kentleşmeden ve kentlerden kaynaklanması, yerel yönetimlere önemli sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul’un ilçelerinden hızlı bir şekilde gelişmekte olan ve önemli bir nüfusu barındıran Ümraniye ilçesi pilot bölge olarak seçilmiştir. İlçe sınırları içerisinde yer alan konutlar, sanayiler, ticarethaneler ve resmi kurumlar (hastane, okul, vb.) ile ulaşım kaynaklı karbon ayak izinin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra Ümraniye Belediyesinin kendi faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan karbon ayak izi de belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ilgili kurumlardan toplanan 2017 yılı doğalgaz ve elektrik tüketim verileri ile toplu taşıma ve özel araçların güzergah, sayı, yakıt cinsi ve tüketimleri dikkate alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, karbon ayak izinin bu kaynaklar arasında konutlarda %43, ticarethane ve resmi kurumlarda %35, ulaşımda %16, sanayide %4 ve dış ortam aydınlatmalarında %1 olarak dağıldığı gözlenmiştir. Bu kaynaklardan özellikle ticarethaneler ve resmi kurumlar (%29) ile konutlarda (%22) elektrik kullanımının etkisinin büyük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ulaşımda özel araç kullanımının etkisinin (%50), toplu taşımaya (%12) göre oldukça yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Belediyenin kendi faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan karbon ayak izinin ise toplam içinde %3 oranla düşük bir paya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. İlçede kişi baına düşen emisyon 2,55 ton CO2/kişi olarak hesaplanmıştır.Since the World is facing with detrimental effects of the global warming, some precautions are needed to be taken at international, national, regional and local levels. The fact that global warming originates mostly from urbanization and cities imposes serious responsibilities for local governments. In this study, Ümraniye which is a rapidly developing and populous district was chosen as the pilot area. The carbon footprint of transportation, housing, industry, public institutions (hospitals, schools, etc.) within the district was investigated. Also the carbon footprint of Ümraniye Municipality's own activities was calculated. In this context, the data of natural gas and electricity consumption as well as the route, number, fuel type and consumption of public transport and private vehicles, collected from related institutions for 2017 were taken into consideration. According to the obtained results, the carbon footprint in the district came from housing, business and public institutions, transportation, industry at the rate of 43%, 35%, 16%, 4% respectively. Among all, it was determined that especially the effect of the electricity consumption in business and public institutions (29%) and housing (22%) were major for the carbon footprint. It was found that the impact of private vehicle use (50%) was quite high compared to public transport (12%). The carbon footprint resulting from the municipality's own activities has a low share of 3% in total. The carbon footprint per person in the district was calculated as 2.55 tonne CO2/capita

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis Associated with Erythema Nodosum

Background: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an uncommon benign chronic inflammatory breast disease, and erythema nodosum (EN) is an extremely rare systemic manifestation of IGM. Here, we report a rare case of IGM accompanied by EN. Case Report: A 32-year-old patient was admitted to our clinic with a history of a tender mass in the right breast. On physical examination, the right breast contained a hard, tender mass in the lower half with in-drawing of the nipple. She had florid EN affecting both legs. She was evaluated with mammography, ultrasound, power Doppler ultrasound, non-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and excisional biopsy. Time-intensity curves showed a type II pattern on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, which has an intermediate probability for malignancy. The FNAB reported a benign cytology suggestive of a granulomatous inflammation, which was also supported by the histopathological findings. A partial mastectomy was performed following medical treatment. There was no recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: IGM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of EN. Although histopathological examination remains the only method for the definite diagnosis of IGM, MRI can be helpful in the diagnosis or differentiation of benign lesions from malignant ones