Maternal antioxidant levels in pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia and small for gestational age birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1371/journal.pone.0135192PLoS ONE108e013519

Population projections for Cleveland and its Boroughs, 1983-1996 Summary report

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Meta-analyses of third trimester antioxidant levels.

<p>*Wikstrom <i>et al</i>. (2009) early-onset cases and controls and late-onset cases and controls were treated as two separate studies.</p><p>SGA, small for gestational age; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval</p><p>Meta-analyses of third trimester antioxidant levels.</p

Forest plots for vitamin C and preeclampsia containing raw data.

<p>Forest plots for vitamin C and preeclampsia containing raw data.</p

Flow diagram of study selection process.

<p>Figure adapted from: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(6): e1000097. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097" target="_blank">10.1371/journal.pmed1000097</a></p

Details of antioxidant biomarker measurements.

<p>NR, not reported; PE, preeclampsia; SGA, small for gestational age;</p><p>* = Spectrophotometric method,</p><p>** = Enzymatic Assay (method is HPLC unless otherwise indicated)</p><p>Details of antioxidant biomarker measurements.</p

Funnel plots with pseudo-95% confidence intervals for vitamin E studies.

<p>High-quality (HQ) studies refer to those that addressed confounding in the design or analysis.</p

Study quality items assessed in addition to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

<p>RB, “Risk of Bias”; Manual for assigning “yes”, “unclear,” and “no” available in Appendix B in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135192#pone.0135192.s002" target="_blank">S1 File</a>. Percents may not sum to exactly 100 due to rounding</p><p>Study quality items assessed in addition to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.</p

Forest plots for vitamin E and preeclampsia containing raw data.

<p>Forest plots for vitamin E and preeclampsia containing raw data.</p

Characteristics of included studies.

<p>*RB7, Risk of Bias question #7 (“Was confounding accounted for in the design and/or analysis?”); PE, preeclampsia; SGA, small for gestational age; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [score out of 9 maximum]; SES, socioeconomic status; INTAPP, An international trial of antioxidants in the prevention of preeclampsia, POUCH, Pregnancy outcomes and community health</p><p>Characteristics of included studies.</p