REVISANDO EL ENFOQUE DE LAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EN SALUD MENTAL: EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR PSICOSOCIAL ENTRE LOS JÓVENES DE CONTEXTO URBANO Y RURAL

En México existen artículos en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicano, así como leyes complementarias, que establecen derechos sociales a todos los mexicanos. Dado los limitados recursos existentes, se han tenido que generar leyes que marquen prioridad de atención sobre aquellos grupos de población que sean más vulnerables como las personas que viven en pobreza extrema o, por grupos de edad, los niños/as y jóvenes. Uno de los derechos que requieren de esa distinción es el derecho a la salud y, particularmente, a la salud mental. El presente trabajo hace una reflexión del estado de las políticas públicas entorno a la salud mental, partiendo de sus bases conceptuales y evaluando su coherencia con sus objetivos y estrategias de acción. Se propone a su vez, llevar a cabo un cambio de enfoque que aplique de manera más fiel la conceptualización de la salud mental como un estado de bienestar con las características que la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha determinado. Para mostrar las ventajas que esto traería a la evaluación del desarrollo regional y sus desigualdades, se lleva a cabo un diagnóstico de la salud mental desde el bienestar psicosocial de los jóvenes estudiantes de secundaria de dos municipios de la Costa Norte de Jalisco, dicho diagnóstico incluye variables individuales, familiares, escolares y comunitarias. A partir de sus resultados se logran conclusiones que ponen en evidencia las desigualdades dentro de la misma región, las necesidades prioritarias de salud mental de ciertos grupos de jóvenes y, finalmente, los aportes puntuales que una evaluación integral de la salud mental harían a la creación de políticas públicas según las necesidades particulares de una comunidad

Cutaneous Basophilia in the Resistance of Goats to Amblyomma cajennense Nymphs after Repeated Infestations

The acquisition of resistance in goats against Amblyomma cajennense after repeated infestations and the role of inflammatory cells in this mechanism were investigated. Ten naive goats aged 6 months were distributed into two groups: test (n = 5), infested thrice at 30-day intervals; and control (n = 5), infested once. Nymphs (n = 115 per animal per infestation) were released inside alimentary chambers glued to the animal's dorsum and the following biological parameters were evaluated: yielding rate, nymphal engorgement weight, engorgement period, ecdise rate, and ecdise period. Skin fragments of tick bite sites were collected at 24, 48, 72, and 120 h post attachment for histopathology and inflammatory cells counts. The engorgement weight decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from the first infestation onward; nymphs weighed 41.7% and 37.1% less after the second and third infestations, respectively, as compared to those collected after the first infestation (12.55 mg +/- 3.21). Furthermore, the ecdise period increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the third infestation (18 days +/- 2.83) in comparison with the first infestation (15 days +/- 0.82) and the ecdise rate was significantly lower after the second infestation (71.91% +/- 17.38) in comparison with the first infestation (96.89% +/- 3.38). There were no significant differences with regard to both the engorgement period and yielding rate. A cutaneous basophilia was evidenced between 48 and 72 h (P < 0.05) after both the second and third infestations. We conclude that goats develop resistance against nymphs of A. cajennense and that basophils may play an important role in such a mechanism.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Acupunture: scientific basis and applications

A acupuntura visa à terapia e à cura das enfermidades pela aplicação de estímulos através da pele, com a inserção de agulhas em pontos específicos. Essa técnica esteve isolada do mundo ocidental durante milênios, distanciando sua forma de raciocínio e linguagem da cultura ocidental. Isto restringe sua aceitação no Ocidente, sendo considerada mística e sem base científica. Além disso, a prática da acupuntura no Ocidente se depara com deficiências no ensino e difusão científica. Porém, a eficácia dessa terapia levou a Organização Mundial de Saúde a listar enfermidades que podem ser tratadas pela acupuntura e, recentemente, essa técnica foi reconhecida como especialidade médica veterinária no Brasil. A pesquisa da acupuntura reveste-se, portanto, de grande interesse, na medida em que poderá traduzir conhecimentos milenares, contribuindo para sua aceitação e incorporação.Acupuncture is used for the therapy and illness cure through the application of stimuli in the skin. This is obtained by inserting needles into cutaneous specific points. Such technique was omitted from the occidental world for millennia partially due to its own reasoning and style, which limits the acupuncture to be accepted in the Occident. In addition, the acupuncture practice in the Occident faces a lack of instruction and scientific diffusion. However, the efficacy of such therapy guided the World Health Organisation to list diseases that can be treated through acupuncture. Recently, this therapy was recognised as a veterinary medicine speciality in Brazil. Therefore, research in acupuncture is a very important task and a challenge in the sense it can become clearer millennial knowledge, contributing for its better acceptance and approval

Morphological description of Amblyomma brasiliense Aragão, 1908 (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae and nymphs

Os estágios imaturos dos carrapatos Neotropicais são pouco conhecidos e, em muitos casos, não estão descritos. Este trabalho apresenta uma descrição morfológica das larvas (F1) e redescrição das ninfas (F1) do carrapato Amblyomma brasiliense, relatado como um dos ixodídeos mais agressivos ao homem no Brasil. Para este fim, carrapatos imaturos de uma colônia iniciada com espécimes adultos do Parque Estadual de Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil foram analisados sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de luz e lupa estereoscópica. Observou-se que larvas têm a base do capítulo retangular, palpos curtos e idiossoma arredondado, coxa I com dois espinhos, sendo o externo mais longo que o interno e coxas II e III com um espinho. Ninfas têm a base do capítulo retangular com córnua pontiaguda, idiossoma oval, coxa I com dois espinhos evidentes, sendo o externo mais longo que o interno, coxas II e III com um espinho curto em cada uma e coxa IV com um espinho muito pequeno, presença de tubérculos quitinosos na superfície interna da borda posterior do idiosoma. Estas características, associadas à quetotaxia e porotaxia, poderão tornar possível a identificação dos estágios imaturos de carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma.The immature stages of Neotropical ticks are poorly known and in many cases have not been described. This work presents a morphological description of Amblyomma brasiliense larvae (F1) and a redescription of nymphs (F1). A. brasiliense is reported as one of the most aggressive ticks to humans in Brazil. Immature ticks obtained from a laboratory colony initiated from adult specimens collected in the Parque Estadual Intervales (24º 18' S and 48º 24' W), São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed under scanning electron microscope, and also under light and stereoscopic microscopes. A. brasiliense larvae present basis capituli rectangular; short palpi; rounded idiosoma; coxa I with two spurs, the external one being longer than the internal one; and coxae II and III each with one short spur. Nymphs present basis capituli rectangular with a sharp pointed cornua; oval idiosoma with scutum reaching coxa III; coxa I with two evident spurs, the external one being longer than the internal one; coxae II-III each with one short spur; and coxa IV with a very short spur and chitinous tubercles on internal surface of posterior border of idiosoma. These morphological features, in association with chaetotaxy and porotaxy, should make possible the identification of immature Amblyomma ticks.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Ultrastructure features of the midgut of the female adult Amblyomma cajennense ticks Fabricius, 1787 (Acari: Ixodidae) in several feeding stages and subjected to three infestations

The digestive tract of Amblyomma cajennense, as well as other species of ticks, is divided into the anterior, medium and posterior intestines and is the organ responsible for digestion of blood ingested during the meal on the host. The anterior and posterior regions are derived from the ectoderm and the medium one from the endoderm. In the present ultrastructural study, we analyzed the midgut of females in a semi- and fully engorged stages, on the rabbit host, which was subjected to three infestations, where were analyzed the changes that the epithelial cells went through. The results showed that during the feeding period the outermost layer the intestine is composed of muscle fibres, as observed in those semi-engorged and engorged ones in the 1st infestation and semi-engorged in the 2nd infestation. The cytoplasm of digestive cells of feeding females, and those of the semi-engorged and fully engorged in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd infestations showed some intact regions (preserved organelles) with others were disorganized. Large lipid droplets and protein granules were observed in the cytoplasm of the cells of the intestine in all phases of feeding process. Cytoplasmic spherocrystals were only observed in the semi-engorged and engorged females in the 1st and 2nd infestations. Intense vacuolation was observed in the digestive cells of the midgut of semi-engorged and engorged A. cajennense females in the 2nd infestation and those engorged in the 3rd infestation. The data showed that the gut of the females of the A. cajennense tick is actually going through big changes during the feeding period, which become more pronounced when reinfesting. These changes are probably due to the host immune response that returns antibodies to the ectoparasite and thus acquires resistance to their secreted products. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Secretory process of salivary glands of female Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks fed on resistant rabbits

Ticks have great economic and health importance since infested animals have reduced milk and meat production, and, besides that, they are expensive ectoparasites to control. While feeding, ticks can transmit to their hosts a large amount of pathogens, including Rickettsia rickettsii responsible for the spotted fever'' or fever of the mountains.'' It is known that animals infested with ticks or artificially immunized with their salivary gland extracts develop resistance, which is related to a decrease in engorged female weight, in egg-laying by adults, in egg viability and, in some cases, in the capacity of pathogens transmission. The present study aimed to examine morpho-histochemically the female salivary glands of semi and engorged Amblyomma cajennense fed on resistant rabbits. The results revealed that acinus I had no changes when compared to that of females fed on naive rabbits. The c cells of acinus II showed signs of early degeneration, which may result in feeding efficiency decrease. In acinus III d cells, activity time was longer. Such occurrence was associated with the time of female fixation, which increased in females fed on resistant hosts.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Structural and cytochemical changes in the salivary glands of the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (CANESTRINI, 1887) (Acari : Ixodidae) tick female during feeding

This study describes the morphology of salivary glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus female ticks at beginning of feeding (24-48 h of attachment) and semi-engorged (4-5 days of attachment) to verify the degenerative characteristics of these organs and the secretory phase in which the process begins. At the beginning of feeding, secretion granules had been observed only in the cytoplasm of cells b, c(1), c(2), c(4) (type II acinus) and d (type III acinus), as well as large nuclei with regular and preserved morphology. In the semi-engorged females the acini presented few normal cells, few partially preserved ones, and the remaining ones in several stages of degeneration, that is, with retraction and cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclei with chromatin in several stages of condensation, picnotic and/or in fragmentation. In type I acinus and in the excretory ducts of the studied glands, at both feeding stages, no degenerative characteristic was observed. In females of R. (B.) microplus, the salivary glands degenerate asynchronically and precociously when compared with those of others tick's species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Cell Death in Salivary Glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) Females at Semi-engorged Feeding Stage

The ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females is described during feeding. In beginning of feeding, individuals show acini I with many mitochondria and wide basal labyrinth in peripheral cells; glycoprotein granules only in b and c(3) cells (acini II); and epithelial interstitial cells with developed basal labyrinth between f cells (acini III). Semi-engorged females show cells in degeneration, with autophagic vacuoles, lysosomes, myelin figures, and irregular, condensed, and/or fragmented nuclei, in addition to apoptotic bodies. R. B. microplus points to apoptosis in these organs before the detachment from the host, in contrast to others tick species.</.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

New morphological data on fat bodies of semi-engorged females of Amblyomma cajennense (Acari : Ixodidae)

The present ultramorphological, histological and ultrastructural study on the fat body of semi-engorged females of Amblyomma cajennense revealed that this tissue is diffuse and consists of strands of cells surrounding the tracheal trunks. Morphometric analysis showed that the cellular and nuclear areas of round-shaped trophocytes are larger than those of cuboidal trophocytes, indicating that the arrangement of the former provides more contact area with the haemolymph. In this species, the fat body is found right underneath the integument and around organs. It consists of two cell types that despite distinct morphological characteristics and locations in the tissue, present the same histological features. In this study, these cells were termed cuboidal trophocytes when arranged as strands of cells and present in larger numbers, and round-shaped trophocytes when lying on these strands and observed in fewer numbers. Histological observations revealed that both types of trophocytes have one nucleus in their cytoplasm and also exhibit numerous vacuoles of different sizes and contents. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the organelles more frequently observed were the vesicular and lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria with tubular crests, indicating that they might be involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was not observed. Cuboidal trophocytes arranged in strands, despite being closely associated, do not exhibit fused plasma membranes. Rather, the fusion of basal lamina of two neighboring cells is occasionally observed, acting as a selective permeability barrier. Here, a new terminology for tick fat body is proposed. It is based on fat body location (parietal, when located right underneath the integument instead of peripheral; and perivisceral, when located around organs instead of central) terminologies previously suggest by Obenchain and Oliver and for the cells constituting them, cuboidal trophocytes when arranged as strands, and round-shaped trophocytes when lying on these strands. Nephrocytes were not observed in semi-engorged females of A. cajennense. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Ultrastructure of the synganglion in the larvae and nymphs of tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae)

This study performs the ultrastructural description of the central nervous system (CNS) of Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae and nymphs. The CNS is surrounded by the neural lamella, a thin acellular sheath. Just below, the perineurium is found, formed by glial cells, with irregular membranes, elongated nucleus and few organelles in the cytoplasm. Internally, the synganglion is divided into an outer cortex, containing the cellular bodies of the neural cells and an inner neuropile. The neural cells can be classified into two types. Type I is most frequently observed, presenting spherical or oval shape and a large nucleus occupying most part of the cytoplasm, in which few organelles are observed. Type II cells are polygonal, presenting a great cytoplasmic volume and the nucleus dislocated towards the cellular periphery. The subperineurium is located between the cortex and the neuropile. The neuropile is the innermost region of the synganglion, the most complex one and formed by extensions of the neural cells. This study improves our understanding of the physiology of ticks, with the aim of improving current control strategies.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq