448 research outputs found

    Opérations matricielles et analyse de graphe

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    This paper from the fmr group (flux, matrices, réseaux) reminds elementary rules regarding matrix algebra (product, transposed, eigenvalues and eigenvectors) and their applications in network analysis. It also presents recent techniques developed in graph clustering (spectral clustering). The appendix provides the R commands needed to realise these matrix operations.Cette synthÚse du groupe fmr (flux, matrices, réseaux) rappelle les bases du calcul matriciel (multiplication, transposée, valeurs et vecteurs propres) et leur application en analyse de réseaux. Elle présente également les pistes suivies dans certaines disciplines pour partitionner des graphes (spectral clustering). L'annexe fournit les commandes utiles dans R pour réaliser ces opérations matricielles

    L'ONU, la géographie et la carte

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    Disponible en ligne : http://thema.univ-fcomte.fr/theoq/pdf/2009/TQ2009%20ARTICLE%208.pdfThe United Nations exists as a scientific objet since its creation. Despite this, geographers, English as French-speaking, didn't know how to study it. An historical and epistemological reflexion is needed to explain why this institution remained unexplored in geography. A hypothesis explored here concerns the difficulty to map this objet.L'Organisation des Nations Unies existe comme objet d'études scientifiques depuis sa création. Pourtant, les géographes, tant francophones qu'anglophones, n'ont pas su comment l'étudier. Une réflexion de nature historique et épistémologique s'impose pour tenter d'expliquer cet impensé géographique. Une hypothÚse explorée ici concerne le caractÚre difficilement cartographiable de l'objet ONU

    Multiscalar approaches of voting behaviour of European countries in the United Nations General Assembly

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    To test convergence between European Union member states at the United Nations, several analysis are made at different scales. Instead of taking the European Union existence as a starting point, it is here considered as a hypothesis that needs to be confirmed. Using cartography and social network analysis, it shows that the so-called convergence appears at a larger scale than the EU, and that a couple of member states remain apart from this convergence.Des analyses multiscalaires sont effectuées pour tester la convergence entre les membres de l'Union européenne (UE) à l'Assemblée Générale des Nations-Unis. Au lieu de considérer l'existence de l'UE comme une donnée, elle est ici considérée comme une hypothÚse à confirmer. A l'aide d'outils cartographiques et d'analyse des réseaux sociaux, ce papier montre que la prétendue convergence entre Etats membres dépasse l'échelle de l'UE, et qu'elle ne concerne pas tous ses membres

    Looking for European Union in the World-System: a multigraph approach

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    The European Union (EU) is often considered (at least in Europe) as a key actor in a globalized world. The aim of this presentation is to check the relevance of this perception which sometimes seems too Eurocentric to be honest. We used methodological tools coming from "Social Network Analysis" (density, centrality measures, subgroups and regular equivalence) in order to produce a relevant partition of the contemporary world, and to check if an entity called "European Union" appears (or not). This multigraph analysis is based on two databases, one regarding world trade from 1967 until today (CHELEM database), the other one deals with United Nations General Assembly voting behaviour. The first step is to create blockmodels inside these valued matrices without any a priori regarding regional groups and to see if, when and how EU appears. The second step takes the EU existence for granted and compares linkage densities within this group compared to other regional groups like ASEAN or MERCOSUR. The last step is to integrate both partitions and to highlight the cores of the system. If an integrated European Union clearly appears from an economic point of view, the situation is much more contrasted from a political point of view. Despite this balanced conclusion, the relevance of these methodological tools clearly appear for both economic and political geography

    Scale-free and small-world networks in geographical research: A critical examination

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    A rapid surge of interest for networks in the late 1990s throughout natural and social sciences has witnessed the emergence and the diffusion of new concepts and measures. In this paper, we wish to examine how two recent models of networks (i.e. scale-free and small-world) have been integrated in the works of geographers, what have been the benefits, and whether such concepts are likely to increase their influence in further works on networks. First, we propose a critical review of the 'scale-free' and 'small-world' concepts, notably based on a review of the physics literature. The second section examines the spatial dimension in networks studies, and the third one evaluates how geographers have used these measures and concepts in their works. In conclusion, we question the benefits of these two models of networks to geography compared with other approaches such as the ones developed in sociology.Les annĂ©es 90 ont Ă©tĂ© marquĂ©es par un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant des scientifiques pour les rĂ©seaux. Elles ont Ă©galement vu l'apparition de nouveaux modĂšles thĂ©oriques (invariant d'Ă©chelle et petit-monde) et de nouvelles mesures. AprĂšs une revue critique des rĂ©seaux scale-free et small-world, la deuxiĂšme partie examine l'intĂ©gration de la dimension spatiale dans les Ă©tudes de rĂ©seaux. La troisiĂšme partie Ă©value la façon dont les gĂ©ographes ont utilisĂ© ces mesures et concepts dans leurs travaux. En conclusion, nous nous interrogeons sur les avantages de ces deux modĂšles de rĂ©seaux pour la gĂ©ographie comparĂ©s avec d'autres approches telles celles dĂ©veloppĂ©es en sociologie

    Modeling attractiveness of global places

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    Being competitive in a globalized world have several meanings according to the topic taken into account. This paper focuses on the attractiveness of places, as we assume that being a popular place is an advantage for global competition. And our main question here is to catch the mental maps of the future elite, and to do it on a world scale. We realized an international survey on more than 10000 undergraduate students from 18 countries in 43 cities. The sample was stratified according to five academic fields (geography, art, medicine, political science, management). The first part of the questionnaire allow us to get explanatory variables like age, gender, spoken languages, field of study, socioeconomic background and mobility practices. The second part of the questionnaire is related with places where students would and would not like to live in a near future. We asked the question for both cities and countries - quoting his/her own country was not allowed. Both questions were asked because we expected different results; some global cities might have a really positive image even if the country where it's located is often quoted negatively. Preliminary results show that it's typically the case for some North-American cities like New-York or San-Francisco. The first step was to compare two basics indicators : the first one regards the knowledge aspect (a country/a city is quoted or not), the second one is an asymmetry index between positive and negative quotations. These two indicators were then used as input to built a gravity model to explain (part of) the results. As expected (at least by geographers), size and distance still matter, specially regarding the knowledge indicator. Regarding asymmetry, situation is much more balanced and need complementary explorations. A further step will be to built a logit model in order to control sample size effects and to see, all things being equal, which countries and cities are the most competitive from an attractiveness point of view

    Mesurer l'efficacité d'un réseau de sauvetage d'enfants juifs : l'exemple du circuit Garel (Lyon, 1942-1944)

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    National audienceThe Garel network, dedicated to rescue Jewish children, acted clandestinely in the Lyon region from 1942 to 1944. It has been remarkably efficient since it managed to protect almost 2,000 children. This exploratory communication seeks to highlight the reticular and spatial logics that may explain the effectiveness of this network.Le circuit Garel est un rĂ©seau clandestin de sauvetage d'enfants juifs qui a agi dans la rĂ©gion lyonnaise de 1942 Ă  1944. Il a Ă©tĂ© d'une efficacitĂ© remarquable dans la mesure oĂč il a rĂ©ussi Ă  protĂ©ger prĂšs de 2000 enfants. Cette communication Ă  visĂ©e exploratoire cherche Ă  mettre en Ă©vidence les logiques rĂ©ticulaires et spatiales susceptibles d'expliquer l'efficacitĂ© de ce rĂ©seau

    Scale-free, small-world networks et géographie

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    This document from the fmr group (flow, matrices, networks) presents two models of graphs introduced by physicists at the end of the 90s: small-world and scale-free networks. Once principals and measures remembered, an examination regarding their influence on geography and regional science is proposed.Ce document du groupe fmr (flux, matrices, réseaux) présente deux modÚles de graphes introduits par les physiciens à la fin des années 90 : les small-world et les scale free networks. AprÚs avoir rappelé les principes de ces deux modÚles et quelques mesures associées à ce type de graphe, un bilan est proposé concernant leur utilisation en géographie et en science régionale

    Espaces méditerranéens, vers une convergence politique et économique ?

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    Do political and commercial links between EUROMED member states tend to increase during the last decade? Tools from ‘Social Network Analysis' allow focusing on actors' relational structures and highlight the persistence of a centre-periphery organization within the EUROMED.Les liens politiques et commerciaux entre pays membres de l'Union pour la MĂ©diterranĂ©e tendent-ils Ă  se renforcer au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie ? Utiliser des mĂ©thodes issues de l'analyse des rĂ©seaux sociaux permet de mettre l'accent sur les structures relationnelles des acteurs et rĂ©vĂšle la persistance d'une organisation centre-pĂ©riphĂ©rie au sein de l'EUROMED

    Imaginaires et pratiques zadistes Ă  Bure (Meuse)

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    International audienceThis communication focuses on the qualification of the fight against the CigĂ©o project (burial of long-lived radioactive waste) in Bure (Meuse) since the summer of 2016, and the permanent occupation of Bois Lejuc. The term zad (“zone Ă  dĂ©fendre”, area to be defended), if it is now part of the current vocabulary after the ongoing territorial struggle at Notre-Dame-des-Landes (NDDL), is either brandished as the ultimate threat by the project developers, or refuted by its opponents. However, the current occupation, the working conditions in the wood, the practices and trajectories of the people living there –whether for short or long periods– have strong similarities with the emblematic zads of NDDL, Roybon or Sivens. The research being initiated recently, this paper proposes provisional reflection points and not definitive results.Cette communication s’intĂ©resse Ă  la qualification de la lutte contre le projet CigĂ©o (enfouissement des dĂ©chets radioactifs Ă  trĂšs longue durĂ©e) Ă  Bure (Meuse) depuis l’étĂ© 2016, et l’occupation, devenue permanente, du bois Lejuc. Le terme de zad (zone Ă  dĂ©fendre), s’il fait dĂ©sormais partie du vocabulaire courant suite Ă  la lutte de territoire en cours Ă  Notre-Dame-des-Landes (NDDL), est tantĂŽt brandi comme la menace ultime par les promoteurs du projet, tantĂŽt rĂ©futĂ© par les opposant.e.s. Pourtant, l’occupation en cours, les modalitĂ©s de fonctionnement dans le bois, les pratiques et les trajectoires des personnes qui y rĂ©sident – que ce soit pour de courtes ou de longues pĂ©riodes, prĂ©sentent de fortes similaritĂ©s avec les zad emblĂ©matiques de NDDL, Roybon ou Sivens. Issue d’une recherche dĂ©butĂ©e il y a peu, cette communication propose des pistes de rĂ©flexion provisoires et non des rĂ©sultats dĂ©finitifs
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