The advisability of care for patient with hypertension induced by pregnancy. The role of the midwife.

Nadciśnienie tętnicze indukowane ciążą, nadal stanowi aktualny problem położniczy, będący przyczyną powikłań u ciężarnej, oraz utrudniający utrzymanie dobrostanu płodu. Mimo ogromnego rozwoju wiedzy i opieki perinatalnej, oraz postępu technicznego, etiopatogeneza nadciśnienia w ciąży, ciągle pozostaje nieznana, a patomechanizm powstawania tej choroby u ciężarnej, nie do końca jest wyjaśniony. Powikłanie to zajmuje w Polsce, drugie miejsce po krwotokach, wśród przyczyn okołoporodowych zgonów kobiet. Dlatego też, praca ta ma na celu ukazanie, jak ważne i zasadne dla pacjentki, jest wczesne rozpoznanie tego schorzenia, a następnie objęcie jej troskliwą opieką i leczeniem, które przyczyni się do poprawy jej stanu zdrowia i zapobiegnie wystąpieniu niebezpiecznych powikłań, oraz doprowadzi do urodzenia zdrowego dziecka. Podstawową rolą i zadaniem położnej w świadczeniu opieki nad kobietą z nadciśnieniem tętniczym krwi indukowanym ciążą, jest wdrażanie postępowania profilaktycznego, prowadzenie szeroko pojętej edukacji zdrowotnej, oraz czynny udział w procesie diagnostyczno-terapeutycznym.Hypertension induced by pregnancy is still the main reason of maternity problem caused complications among pregnant women. Despite of the advancement of knowledge concerning the pregnancy and despite of excellent health care in this range, still the genesis of hypertension in pregnancy is unknown and the reasons of this disease are inexplicable.We can say that this problem is on second place after hemorrhage problems as about the reason of death among pregnant women.Therefore this study shows us the importance of proper diagnosis of this disease among pregnant women and proper health care in this range that to prevent future complications and bring to successful childbirth.This study shows us also that the main task for midwife, who is taking care of pregnant women with hypertension problem, is proper health care as about prevention and education action

Influence of the Feedstock on the Process Parameters, Product Composition and Pilot-Scale Cracking of Plastics

Chemical recycling of polymers can lead to many different products and play a significant role in the circular economy through the use of plastic waste as a feedstock in the production of valuable materials. The polyolefins: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), together with polystyrene (PS), can be chemically recycled by the thermal cracking (pyrolysis) process. In this study, continuous cracking of polyolefins and polystyrene in different proportions and with the addition of other polymers, like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), was investigated at the pilot scale in terms of the process parameters and product yields. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the detailed analysis of the products’ compositions. The boiling temperature distribution and the bromine number were used for additional characterization of products. It was found that an increase of PP share caused a decrease in the process temperature, an increase of the product yield and a shift of the boiling range towards lighter products, increasing the content levels for unsaturates and branched hydrocarbons. It was observed that the addition of 5% PS, PET and PVC reduced the overall product yield, resulting in the creation of a lower-boiling product and increasing the conversion of polyethylene. An addition of 10% polystyrene increased the PP conversion and resulted in a higher product yield, without significant change in the boiling temperatures distribution

Methods to Produce Nicotinic Acid with Potential Industrial Applications

Nicotinic acid is a naturally occurring pyridine carboxylic acid, contained in vitamin PP, an essential nutrient for humans and animals, and used as an antipelagic agent. Nicotinic acid can be made from tryptophan by plants and animals but is usually not completely bioavailable. Industrially, nicotinic acid is produced mainly by oxidation of 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine with nitric acid. One of the by-products of the process is nitrous oxide, a gas that is difficult to recycle and manage, with a greenhouse effect 300 times stronger than CO2. A new technology for the industrial production of nicotinic acid is undoubtedly necessary to meet the needs of green chemistry and not burden the environment. We carried out a literature review on ecological methods to produce nicotinic acid from commercially available raw materials such as 3-methylpyridine and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine, especially focusing on those methods with potential industrial applications

Oxidation of Picoline with Oxygen to Nicotinic Acid against Co²⁺, NHPI, and Phosphonium or Ammonium Bromides

Nicotinic acid (NA) is a heteroaromatic carboxylic acid mainly used as feed, in breakfast cereals, and as a beverage additive. Moreover, it is used as an anti-pellagra drug and as an ingredient in multivitamin supplements. It is manufactured using the Lonza process from 3-ethyl-3-methylpyridyne as a raw material using HNO3 as the oxidant agent. However, the use of such an oxidant is connected with greenhouse gases, thus making the technology non-ecological. Another industrial process is oxidative ammonolysis of 3-picoline followed by hydrolysis of a reaction intermediate to NA. This paper presents the results of research on the selective oxidation of 3-picoline with oxygen to NA. Bromide organic salts, including ionic liquids, N-hydroxyphtalimide, and cobalt(II) salts, were used as the catalysts. The reaction was carried out with acetic acid (AcOH) as a solvent. The bromide salts imidazolium bromide, quaternary ammonium bromide, and quaternary phosphonium bromide were used. They also fill the role of corrosion inhibitors caused by the acidic and highly oxidative reaction environment

Oxidation of Long-Chain α-Olefins Using Environmentally-Friendly Oxidants

Studies on the oxidation of α-olefins via the two-stage method are presented. The new method consisted of oxidizing C30+ α-olefins with hydrogen peroxide (2 equiv.) and subsequent oxidation with oxygen. Products with high acid numbers (29–82 mgKOH/g) and saponification numbers (64–140 mgKOH/g) were obtained and compared with products obtained using only hydrogen peroxide or oxygen. It was demonstrated that H2O2 can be partially replaced by oxygen in the oxidative cleavage reaction of α-olefins. N-hydroxyphthalimide in combination with Co(acac)2 demonstrated high activity in the oxidation stage using oxygen

N-Hydroxyphthalimide on a Polystyrene Support Coated with Co(II)-Containing Ionic Liquid as a New Catalytic System for Solvent-Free Ethylbenzene Oxidation

The oxidation of ethylbenzene using dioxygen was carried out applying a new catalytic system—heterogeneous N-hydroxyphthalimide (PS-NHPI) coated with an ionic liquid containing CoCl2. The catalytic system represents a combination of solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer (SCILL) and supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) techniques, wherein the resulting system utilizes CoCl2 dissolved in the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulphate ([emim)][OcOSO3]) ionic liquid phase that is layered onto the solid catalyst support. PS-NHPI was obtained by immobilizing N-hydroxyphthalimide on chloromethyl polystyrene resins by ester bonds. It was observed that novel SCILL/SILP systems significantly improved the selectivity toward acetophenone. We also demonstrate that these systems can be separated from the reaction mixture and recycled without appreciably reducing its activity and selectivity

Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexanone to Adipic Acid Using Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of Alkyl Nitrites and Transition Metals as Catalysts

This paper presents a not previously reported catalytic system consisting of transition metals Co2+ and Mn2+ and alkyl nitrites R-ONO for the oxidation of cyclohexanone with oxygen to adipic acid. The influence of type and amount of catalyst, temperature, time, and type of raw material on conversion and product composition were determined. In addition, the oxidation of selected cyclic ketones such as cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cyclooctanone, cyclododecanone, 2-methylcyclohexanone, 3-methylcyclohexanone, and 4-methylcyclohexanone in acetic acid as solvent was performed. The results showed that R-ONO systems, under established reaction conditions, form NO·radicals, which oxidize to NO2 under a strong oxidization reaction environment. The Co2+/Mn2+/NO2 system was shown to be highly active in the oxidation of cyclic ketones with oxygen

Polymer-supported N-hydroxyphthalimide as catalyst for toluene and p-methoxytoluene aerobic oxidation

In the present study, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) was successfully immobilized on (aminomethyl) polystyrene and (chloromethyl) polystyrene via amide or ester bonds. The obtained polymer-supported NHPIs have demonstrated catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of toluene and p-methoxytoluene. The oxidations were performed using cobalt(II) salts as co-catalysts, in acetic acid as solvent or in more environmentally acceptable solvent-free system. The possibility of recovery and recycling of the obtained polymer-supported NHPIs was reported