Using a combination of binning strategies and taxonomic approaches to unravel the anaerobic digestion microbiome.

Metagenomic sequencing is a fundamental tool to identify the functional potential of the prokaryotic species present in microbial communities, particularly for the unculturable microbes. Recent advances in software dedicated to metagenomic assembly allow nowadays to generate collections of scaffolds comprehensive of thousands genome sequences, but the binning of these scaffolds into OTUs representative of microbial genomes is still challenging. In the attempt to obtain a deep characterization of the anaerobic digestion microbiome, different metagenomic binning approaches were integrated into a new tool. To facilitate the binning process, this tool integrates two strategies; the taxonomic assignment of scaffolds and the clustering based on coverage values. By applying this procedure, 373 high quality genomes involved in the anaerobic digestion process have been extracted and annotated using COG, KEGG, SEED and Pfam. These high throughput approaches pose nowadays other basic challenges related to the computational effort needed for the taxonomic assignment of hundreds new microbial genomes. It is also mandatory to verify if other DNA sequences deriving from the same species are already present in public databases. Metagenomics raise new fundamental questions regarding the definition of what a microbial species is and how it can be defined solely considering its genome. In order to address these issues we have developed a collection of scripts to check the presence of the same genome sequence not only in different assemblies, but also in public databases and, finally, to simplify its functional annotation

Transcriptomic Analysis of Single Isolated Myofibers Identifies miR-27a-3p and miR-142-3p as Regulators of Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle is composed of different myofiber types that preferentially use glucose or lipids for ATP production. How fuel preference is regulated in these post-mitotic cells is largely unknown, making this issue a key question in the fields of muscle and whole-body metabolism. Here, we show that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in defining myofiber metabolic profiles. mRNA and miRNA signatures of all myofiber types obtained at the single-cell level unveiled fiber-specific regulatory networks and identified two master miRNAs that coordinately control myofiber fuel preference and mitochondrial morphology. Our work provides a complete and integrated mouse myofiber type-specific catalog of gene and miRNA expression and establishes miR-27a-3p and miR-142-3p as regulators of lipid use in skeletal muscle. Chemello et al. characterize coding mRNAs and non-coding microRNAs expressed by myofibers of hindlimb mouse muscles, identifying complex interactions between these molecules that modulate mitochondrial functions and muscle metabolism. They demonstrate that specific short non-coding RNAs influence the contractile fiber composition of skeletal muscles by modulating muscle metabolism