Characteristics of the Fuzes for Insensitive Ammunition

W artykule przedstawiono analizę cech łańcucha ogniowego w aktualnie używanych zapalnikach artyleryjskich. Omówiono również wymagania stawiane elementom zapalnika zawierającym materiały wybuchowe pod kątem użycia w amunicji małowrażliwej. Przestawiono też propozycje prowadzenia kierunków prac mających na celu opracowanie konstrukcji nowych zapalników, bezpieczniejszych w użytkowaniu, o wysokiej skuteczności działania i mogących znaleźć zastosowanie w amunicji małowrażliwej.This article presents an analysis of the characteristics of a firing chain in the currently used artillery fuzes. It also discusses the requirements for fuze elements containing explosives for the use in insensitive ammunitions. Moreover it presents new directions of work aimed at developing construction of new safer for fuzes which may be applied in insensitive munition

Magnetic and Neutron Diffraction Studies of the Polycrystalline and Nanoparticle TbMnO3

This paper reports on investigations of magnetic properties, crystal and magnetic structures on $TbMnO_{3}$ prepared in various ways, namely, as conventional polycrystalline sample and two nano particle specimens (synthesized with a sol-gel method at temperatures of 800 and 850$^{\circ}$C). The X-ray and neutron diffraction data confirm the orthorhombic crystal structure (space group Pbnm, No. 62) without noticeable differences of the lattice parameters for poly- and nanocompounds. For the polycrystalline sample, a subsequent ordering of the Mn and Tb sublattices with decreasing temperature was observed. Namely, the Mn sublattice exhibits a modulated magnetic structure with the propagation vector $k = (0, k_{x}, 0)$ in between 41-5 K. Below T = 21 K, a change from a collinear ($A_{y}$ mode) into non-collinear ($A_{y}G_{z}$ mode) structure was evidenced. Further decreasing of temperature below 10 K results in magnetic ordering of the Tb sublattice (modulated $G_{x}A_{y}F_{z}$ mode). For nanoparticle compounds, magnetic ordering in the Mn and Tb sublattices is described by propagation vector $k = (0, k_{y}, 0)$, with ky components higher than observed for polycrystalline sample. The magnetic ordering in the Mn sublattice is described by a collinear Ay mode down to 1.6 K where the Tb moment becomes ordered ($G_{x}A_{y}$ mode). The observed broadening of the Bragg peaks connected to the Tb sublattice suggests the cluster-like character of its magnetic structure