Altered Platelets Morphological Parameters in Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sudan

Background: Obesity and diabetes are growing global health problems that significantly affect patient quality of life and associated with an increased risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that platelet hyperactivity is a contributing factor to the cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the platelet morphological parameters and platelets count in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult patients.Method: A total of 190 subjects, 90 types 2 diabetes mellitus patients without known cardiovascular diseases [60 obese with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and 30 non-obese] and 100 age and the sex-matched non-diabetic control group included from adults undergoing routine investigation for other problems in the same center. Venous blood samples were collected in EDTA. Platelet counts and Platelet morphological parameters [MPV, PDW] were performed using the Sysmex KN-21N.Results: The mean platelet counts in the diabetic group were higher than in the non-diabetic group, but the difference was not statistically significant (275.7±70 vs. 261.9±59 × 10 9 /L; P  0.05). The mean MPV was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic group as compared with the non-diabetic group to (9.7 ± 0.4 fl vs. 7.4 ± 0.1 fl; P =000). The mean PDW was significantly higher in Type 2 diabetic group as compared to the non-diabetic group (11.7± 0.4 fl vs 9.3± 0.1 fl P = 0.000). Among the Type 2 diabetic patients, MPV and PDW were significantly higher in Type 2 diabetic obese group as compared with a non-obese group (9.8± 0.5fl vs. 8.4± 0.2 fl; P= 0.000) and (11.8±0.4 vs. 10.4±0.3fl; P= 0.000) respectively.Conclusion: Sudanese type 2 diabetic obese individuals manifest evidence of high platelet reactivity which may further subsequently increase their risk of cardiovascular complications

A Rare Case of Schistosoma mansoni Ova Found in the Urine of a Sudanese

マンソン住血吸虫とビルハルツ住血吸虫に混合感染し、しかも尿からマンソン住血吸虫の虫卵を検出した珍しい症例。患者は18才の男子でスーダンのハルツーム市在住。3年前に流行地で水に接する機会があった。最近、朝の最初の尿で血尿が出るようになった。また腰痛および吐気も自覚するようになった。1990年7月26日個人のクリニックで検査したところ尿の沈渣中より2種類の住血吸虫卵を検出した。スーダンでは混合感染者の3～5％に尿からマンソン住血吸虫卵が検出されるといわれているが確実な報告例はない

Elevated antibiotic resistance of Sudanese urinary tract infection bacteria

This study determined the prevalence of urinary tract infections in the Sudanese state of Khartoum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated bacterial species. 200 adult patient urine specimens were collected and cultivated to identify the growing bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics. 35 % of specimens had significant bacterial growth. The most frequent isolates in this study were E. coli, E. faecalis and S. aureus. Most of the isolates were resistant to many antibiotics; Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates were resistant to 67 % and 44 % of the examined antibiotics, respectively. E. coli was the most frequent bacterium in the studied samples and it was highly resistant to first-line antibiotics. The most resistant bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas species and the lowest was for S. saprophyticus. The results highlighted the need for knowledge about antibiotic susceptibility profile of the bacteria causing UTI prior to antibiotic prescription in order to ensure optimal treatment

Impact of JAK2V617F mutational on haematologic features in Sudanese patients with essential thrombocythemia and thrombotic risk assessment

Objective: We correlated selected haematological parameters in Sudanese essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients based on their homozygous/heterozygous JAK2V617F genotype, as well as the application of thrombotic risk assessment using different thrombotic risk scoring models. Methods: In this single-center study, we evaluated 60 patients with ET at the time of the diagnosis without any prior treatment. Amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique was used to determine JAK2V617F mutation status. Complete blood count was evaluated using the Sysmex analyzer. Furthermore, the thrombotic risk assessment of ET patients using different thrombotic risk scoring models was applied. Results: The JAK2V617F mutation was detected in 29/60 patients (48.3%), of whom 23 (38.3% of total) were heterozygous and 6 (10.0%) were homozygous. Compeered to JAK2 wild-type or JAK2 heterozygous patients, JAK2 homozygous patients for JAK2V617F mutation were associated with older age(p < 0.05), significantly higher mean leukocytes count (P =0.001), significantly lower Hb concentration (p < 0.05), and splenomegaly (p < 0.05), while the mean of the platelet counts was slightly higher, although not reached a significant level. We also found two patients who developed thrombotic events throughout follow-up and were initially classified as a low-risk category in the traditional classification. One of them with age < 60 years, hypertension, and JAK2 homozygosity but without thrombosis history, was allocated in a high-risk category by IPSET-t and r- IPSET-t scores. The second patient was stratified in a low-risk category by all scoring models with age < 60 years, hypertension, leukocytosis, unmutated JAK2, and without a history of thrombosis. Conclusions: The JAK2 V617F homozygosity correlated with older age, higher leukocyte count, lower Hb concentration, and a higher risk of thrombosis in Sudanese ET patients. Evaluation of hypertension and identification of JAK2 V617F homozygosity at diagnosis of ET might give the clinician more meaningful prognostic information and so improve the therapeutic management

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Oman : Results from two decades of research

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus over the past two decades in Oman, particularly in terms of its prevalence and incidence. In addition, the study sought to estimate the future incidence of diabetes in Oman. Methods: Three national and three regional surveys conducted between 1991 and 2010 were analysed to obtain the age-adjusted prevalence and undiagnosed proportion of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Omani subjects aged ≥20 years. Diabetes mellitus registers and published studies were used to determine incidence rates of both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM in Oman. Linear regression was used to determine trends and projections for diabetes in 2050. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of T2DM in Oman varied from 10.4% to 21.1%, while the highest prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was found in males (35.1%). In comparison to men, higher incidence rates of T2DM were found in women (2.7 cases compared to 2.3 cases per 1,000 person-years, respectively). No significant trends were observed for the prevalence or incidence of T2DM in both genders. Undiagnosed T2DM was more common in men (range: 33–68%) than women (range: 27–53%). The results of this study show that by 2050, there will be an estimated 350,000 people with T2DM living in Oman (a 174% increase compared to estimates for 2015). Conclusion: Health authorities need to prioritise diabetes prevention and control in order to prevent or delay long-term complications and avert a potential epidemic of diabetes in Oman

Prevalence of Protozoa Species in Drinking and Environmental Water Sources in Sudan

Protozoa are eukaryotic cells distributed worldwide in nature and are receiving increasing attention as reservoirs and potential vectors for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. In the environment, on the other hand, many genera of the protozoa are human and animal pathogens. Only limited information is available on these organisms in developing countries and so far no information on their presence is available from Sudan. It is necessary to establish a molecular identification of species of the protozoa from drinking and environmental water. 600 water samples were collected from five states (Gadarif, Khartoum, Kordofan, Juba, and Wad Madani) in Sudan and analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. 57 out of 600 water samples were PCR positive for protozoa. 38 out of the 57 positive samples were identified by sequencing to contain 66 protozoa species including 19 (28.8%) amoebae, 17 (25.7%) Apicomplexa, 25 (37.9%) ciliates, and 5 (7.6%) flagellates. This study utilized molecular methods identified species belonging to all phyla of protozoa and presented a fast and accurate molecular detection and identification of pathogenic as well as free-living protozoa in water uncovering hazards facing public health

Swedish isolates of Vibrio cholerae enhance their survival when interacted intracellularly with Acanthamoeba castellanii

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that occurs naturally in aquatic environment. Only V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 produce cholera toxin and cause cholera, other serogroups can cause gastroenteritis, open wounds infection, and septicaemia. V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 grow and survive inside Acanthamoeba castellanii. The aim of this study is to investigate the interactions of the Swedish clinical isolates V. cholerae O3, V. cholerae O4, V. cholerae O5, V. cholerae O11, and V. cholerae O160 with A. castellanii. The interaction between A. castellanii and V. cholerae strains was studied by means of amoeba cell counts, viable counts of the bacteria in the absence or presence of amoebae, and of the intracellularly growing bacteria, visualised by electron microscopy. These results show that all V. cholerae can grow and survive outside and inside the amoebae, disclosing that V. cholerae O3, V. cholerae O4, V. cholerae O5, V. cholerae O11, and V. cholerae O160 all can be considered as facultative intracellular bacteria