Application of Some Proteome Analysis Techniques in Animal Reproduction

This chapter focuses on the application of proteome analysis techniques to animal reproduction and provides general information on one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, chromatographic methods, and mass spectrometer (MS), widely used in proteomics studies. Proteome consists of an entire complement of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism. Proteomics reveals functions of proteins encoded in the genome. These functions include posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and alterations in the protein synthesis. Animal reproduction takes a key role in livestock, and increasing the reproduction rate in flocks plays an important role in livestock management. Studying the proteins related to reproduction could guide on how to increase fertility. Recent studies addressed the proteome constitution of both male and female reproductive system. Follicular fluid, endometrium, and ovary proteins were analyzed in females by proteomics study, while in males, sperm proteomics was more focused. Information obtained on this issue is also beneficial for the development of reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Strategies to increase fertility in animals can be revealed by proteomic studies, and a more profound knowledge on proteomics may become helpful to develop and enhance the efficiency of reproductive technologies

Nanotechnology and nano-propolis in animal production and health: an overview

Nanotechnology is the science and technology of small and specific things that are <100 nm in size. Because of the size of nanomaterials, new changes in their chemical and physical structure may occur, and indicate higher reactivity and solubility. Many of nanotechnology applications in food and agricultural production are being developed in research and development settings. Global challenges are related to animal production, including environmental sustainability, human health, disease control, and food security. Nanotechnology holds promise for animal health, veterinary medicine, and some areas of animal production. Nanotechnology has had application in several other sectors, and its application in food and feed science is a recent case. Especially, natural nano antimicrobials obtained from different techniques such as nano-propolis are useful to veterinary medicine in terms of health, performance, and reliable food production. Nano-propolis is a nano-sized (1–100 nm in diameter) propolis particles tied together to make it more effective without changing its properties by changing the size of propolis by different methods. Propolis have many advantages such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antifungal activity, etc. The consumption of free form of propolis restricts these benefits due to low bioavailability, low solubility, low absorption, and untargeted release. Different nanoencapsulation technologies are used to obtain nano-propolis. Nano-propolis are more easily absorbed by the body because they have a size smaller. Nano-propolis is also more effective than propolis in terms of antibacterial and antifungal activity. This review focuses on some recent work concerning the uses of nanotechnology in animal health or human health using animal models, and the effectiveness of nanotechnology on natural supplements such as propolis used in animal nutrition and animal health

Lycopene Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Rats via Reducing Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder involving colitis. Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid that has attracted considerable attention as a potential chemopreventive agent. The impact of lycopene on colitis is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of lycopene in a rat model of colitis induced by acetic acid. The animals were randomly divided into the following five groups: the control group, colitis group, colitis + sulfasalazine group as a positive control group, colitis + lycopene and lycopene groups. Colonic mucosal injury was assessed by biochemical and histopathological examinations. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant status (TAS), ceruloplasmin (CPN), total sialic acid and iron (Fe) levels were evaluated in blood samples. MDA, SOD, TAS and DNA fragmentation levels were also measured in colon tissues. MDA (p < 0.05), total sialic acid (p < 0.05) and DNA fragmentation levels (p < 0.01) were significantly higher, and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme were lower in the colitis group than in the control group. Treatments with lycopene in the colitis decreased MDA, total sialic acid and DNA fragmentation levels, while SOD activity (p < 0.05), TAS (in colon p < 0.05; in serum p < 0.01), CPN (p < 0.05) and Fe levels (p < 0.05) were significantly increased. The histopathological evaluation also confirmed the foregoing findings. Treatment with lycopene ameliorated the biochemical and pathological alterations caused by colitis. The results obtained in this study indicate that lycopene may exert protective effects in experimental colitis and might, therefore, be useful for treatment of IBD

Protective effect of 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate in rat colitis model induced by acetic acid

Some of the diseases like ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease and certain types of intestinal cancers are not treatable effectively. Our aim was to investigate the protective effects of 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) on the rats with acetic acid induced colitis. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: (1) control group, (2) colitis group, (3) 2-APB group, (4) colitis+2-APB group. Twenty four hour after the acetic acid administration blood samples were collected under the ether anesthesia. After the collection of all blood samples rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation under the anesthesia and abdomen was opened and the colon was taken. Superoxide dismutase activities, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin, total cialic acid and iron (Fe2+) levels were measured using blood samples. Superoxide dismutase activities, total antioxidant status, malondialdehyde and DNA fragmentation levels were evaluated at colon tissues. Paraffin sections of colon tissue were subjected to: a) immunohistochemistry (Bcl-2), b) TUNEL-staining (apoptotic cells), c) histopathological (masson's trichrome staining) examinations. Sections were evaluated semiquantitatively. Induction of colitis caused pathological and biochemical alterations in rat colon. Rates of apoptosis increased concomitantly with the levels of oxidants in colitis group, while activities of antioxidant enzymes decreased remarkably. Administration of 2-APB however, ameliorated the biochemical and pathological alterations in rats caused by colitis. In the light of the data obtained from the present study it could be recommended that using of 2-APB in colitis could be considered as a remedy at least as a complementary drug