A novel approach to estimate the distribution, density and at-sea risks of a centrally-placed mobile marine vertebrate

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.Formulating management strategies for mobile marine species is challenging, as knowledge is required of distribution, density, and overlap with putative threats. As a step towards assimilating knowledge, ecological niche models may identify likely suitable habitats for species, but lack the ability to enumerate species densities. Traditionally, this has been catered for by sightings-based distance sampling methods that may have practical and logistical limitations. Here we describe a novel method to estimate at-sea distribution and densities of a marine vertebrate, using historic aerial surveys of Gabonese leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting beaches and satellite telemetry data of females at sea. We contextualise modelled patterns of distribution with putative threat layers of boat traffic, including fishing vessels and large ship movements, using Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. We identify key at-sea areas in which protection for inter-nesting leatherback turtles could be considered within the coastal zone of Gabonese Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Our approach offers a holistic technique that merges multiple datasets and methodologies to build a deeper and insightful knowledge base with which to manage known activities at sea. As such, the methodologies presented in this study could be applied to other species of sea turtles for cumulative assessments; and with adaptation, may have utility in defining critical habitats for other central-place foragers such as pinnipeds, or sea bird species. Although our analysis focuses on a single species, we suggest that putative threats identified within this study (fisheries, seismic activity, general shipping) likely apply to other mobile marine vertebrates of conservation concern within Gabonese and central African coastal waters, such as olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea), humpback dolphins (Sousa teuszii) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae).We thank the following for support and funding: CARPE (Central African Regional Program for the Environment, Darwin Initiative, EAZA ShellShock Campaign, Gabon Sea Turtle Partnership with funding from the Marine Turtle Conservation Fund (United States Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior), Harvest Energy, Large Pelagics Research Centre at the University of Massachusetts (Boston), NERC, Vaalco Energy and the Wildlife Conservation Society. We are sincerely grateful to the field teams and logistics staff who assisted in the aerial and ground surveys and with field-site assistance. BJG and MJW receive funding from the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/J012319/1), the European Union and the Darwin Initiative

A biopolítica da população e a experimentação com seres humanos The bio-power of population and experiments with human beings

A partir do conceito foucaultiano de biopolítica da população, das considerações de Giorgio Agamben (2002) sobre a vida nua e estado de exceção, assim como das teses de Hannah Arendt relativas à condição humana, analisamos dois estudos experimentais com seres humanos realizados em inícios e fins do século 20. Inicialmente nos referimos às experimentações realizadas na Índia entre 1894 e 1899 para determinar o papel do Anophelesna transmissão da malária. Por fim, analisamos um estudo de transmissão vertical de HIV recentemente realizado na África com mulheres grávidas portadoras do vírus.<br>Taking as starting points the Foucault's concept of bio-power of population, the Giorgio Agamben's considerations about nude life and the Hannah Arendt's comprehension of human condition, we analyze experiments with human beings that were made in the beginning and in the end of twenty century. Initially, we discuss the experiments that were made in India, between 1894 and 1899, for determinate the Anopheles role in the transmission of malaria. Finally, we analyze the way by which recently, in Africa, were conducted researches over pregnant women infected by the HIV