Temporal variation in body measurements in three Taurine cattle populations of Burkina Faso supports introgression of Zebu genes into West African Taurine cattle

A total of 769 adult females belonging to 3 taurine and one zebu cattle populations sampled in 3 provinces of Burkina Faso were assessed for 19 body measurements during two different years (2014 and 2018). The aim of this research was to identify temporal morphological variation in cattle bred in the humid southern zones to obtain empirical evidence supporting a possible introgression of zebu cattle genes into Gourounsi and Lobi taurine cattle breeds. Zebu cattle samples were used as out-group for both 2014 and 2018 subsets. Least square means of body measurements allowed to classify Burkina Faso taurine cattle into three subgroups according to body size (Gourounsi–Sanguié –GourS-, Gourounsi-Nahouri –GourN- and Lobi from the tallest to the smallest respectively). Principal Component Analysis suggested that in 2014, taurine populations were structured. Dispersion map constructed using the two first factors informed that the GourS population was well separated from both the Lobi and the GourN, which, in turn, overlapped. However, in 2018 a strong signal of homogenization was identified, with GourN partially overlapping the other two populations. Linear Discriminant Analysis suggested that about 20% of both GourS and GourN individuals were reciprocally misclassified. Clues for such increase have been pointed out by MANOVA analysis. Although on 2014, Lobi cattle was clearly smaller than Gourounsi and both GourS and GourN populations showed clear differences on body traits, on 2018 it could be assessed an increase in size in Lobi cattle and a strong homogenization signal within Gourounsi cattle. Zebu cattle gene flow southwards in Burkina Faso is likely to have caused these changes, suggesting a fast erosion of taurine cattle genetic background. Keywords: Body traits, quantitative traits, Gourounsi cattle, Lobi, Burkina Faso

Caractérisation morpho-biométrique du testicule du bouc sahélien

Une meilleure connaissance de l’appareil génital du bouc permet d’appliquer les biotechnologies de la reproduction correctement telle que la technologie de la semence chez les caprins. Ce travail visait à décrire les caractéristiques anatomiques et biométriques des testicules du bouc du sahel. L’étude a concerné 130 boucs sahéliens d’âge et de poids variant respectivement entre 8 et 36 mois et entre 25 et 40 kg. Le poids des testicules, la longueur de l’épididyme et du canal déférent, la longueur et la largeur du scrotum, l’écart entre les deux membres postérieurs et la hauteur des testicules ont été appréciés respectivement avec une balance et un ruban métrique. Le volume testiculaire a été déterminé par orchidométrie. Le poids moyen des testicules, la longueur moyenne de l’épididyme et du canal déférent ont été respectivement de 40,91±8,52 g, de 11,5±1,57 cm et de 11,75±1,80 cm. Les volumes moyens testiculaires ont été de 94,27±16,78 cm3 et de 93,96±16,89 cm3 respectivement pour le testicule gauche et le testicule droit. La hauteur moyenne des testicules au sol a été de 27,65±5,53 cm. L’écart moyen entre les membres postérieurs a été de 14,15±1,72 cm. Ces caractéristiques montrent que le bouc sahélien pourrait être un excellent animal d’exploitation dans la technologie de la semence

Innocuity and antioxidant activities of Pentadesma butyracea (1824) leaves for its use in hormone replacement therapy

Pentadesma butyracea is a tall tree of Western Africa commonly called better tree. Leaves are used in the treatment of several diseases including genitourinary, pregnancy and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to assess toxicity and antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic extract of P. butyracea leaves. The major compounds of the extract were previously identified. Oral acute toxicity was achieved on NMRI mice during 72 h after single oral-administration whereas oral sub-acute toxicity was achieved on Wistar rats during 28-days. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The major phytochemicals identified in the hydroethanolic extract of P. butyracea leaves were tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, anthocyanosids, anthraquinones, saponosids, mucilage and gums. The acute toxicity study showed that the extract did not cause neither sign of toxicity nor mortality until 3000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity study showed that the extract did not cause signs of toxicity after 28-days consecutive oral administration. Nevertheless, platelets count. total cholesterol and AST level were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Assessment of antioxidant activity revealed that the extract possessed a great potential of scavenging free radical, to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to reduce ferric power. The extract could have hepaprotective activity and may be benefit for cholesterol reduction.Keywords: Pentadesma butyraceae, toxicity, phytochemistry, antioxidan

Prévalence globale des pathologies majeures liées à la production laitière bovine en système d'élevage intraurbain à Hamdallaye (Ouagadougou)

Global prevalence of main pathologies related to dairy cattle production in urban flocks of Hamdallaye (Ouagadougou). The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of three main diseases related to dairy production in urban cattle herds: brucellosis, tuberculosis and mastitis. Serum samples collected from 290 bovines have been tested for brucellosis using antigen buffered test. A global prevalence of 13.2 % has been observed, and the females were significantly (p < 0.05) more infected than the males (14.3 % vs 5.6 %). Simple IntraDermoTuberculination (IDT) test with the PPD tuberculin was used on 325 cows. The global prevalence of the infection was 27.7 %, with a very high significant variation (p < 0.001) between 2 years old animals and those over 6 years. From 98 individual milk samples submitted to California Mastitis Test (CMT), mean cellular concentration was 5385. 103 ± 1061.103 TCN/ml. The prevalence of the three studied diseases is important enough to retain the attention of farmers, as well as technical and city authorities. This is particularly the case for tuberculosis and brucellosis which are major zoonosis and which can seriously damage consumer health

Influence des facteurs climatiques sur les zébus laitiers de race Azawak et Peul soudanien en élevage périurbain à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Les degrés d'adaptation du zébu Azawak et du zébu Peul Soudanien ont été évalués en condition d'élevage semi-intensif périurbain de la ville de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) au cours de l'année 2002. Les observations ont été faites en avril (saison sèche) et en août (saison pluvieuse). Elles ont porté sur les paramètres physiologiques liés à l'animal (température rectale, fréquence respiratoire, taux d'hématocrite) en fonction de la température et de l'humidité ambiante pour tester l'effet de la race et de la saison, et les corrélations existantes entre ces paramètres et la durée de la lactation. En août, la température rectale des zébus Azawak est significativement plus basse (

Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke, Mentha x piperita L. and Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils and Their Major Monoterpene Alcohols Alone and in Combination

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Botanical and ethnoveterinary surveys of two acacias (Acacia raddiana and Acacia nilotica) exploited in small ruminant rearing in sahelian area of Burkina Faso

International audienceIn Burkina Faso, rural livestock farmers in arid and semi-arid areas rely heavily on woody plant resources such as Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana to satisfy the needs of small ruminant rearing. The assessment of the availability and the use of these two species are therefore essential to better manage them sustainably for their preservation. The survey carried out in the area showed that the questioned farmers exploited the leaves and pods of the two Acacia for the needs of the ruminants. 100% of the farmers exploit A. raddiana only for the feeding of small ruminants. However, A. nilotica was exploited for animal feed and health. The most commonly reported treatments are Foot and Mouth Disease (98.7%) followed by diarrhea (73.7%) and foot wounds (51.2%). In order to compare the results of the survey, a botanical inventory was carried out in the area and the results showed that A. raddiana is more available compared to A. nilotica. Also, other local species such as Faidherbia albida, Acacia senegal, Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia siberiana are also exploited for the needs of small ruminant rearing in the study area. The most important constraints were excessive cutting, drought and overexploitation that negatively impact their survival. Data on these constraints provide the basis for a campaign to raise awareness among herders' communities to preserve these plants to sustainably improve the productivity of small ruminants and consequently farmer’s income

Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). For the AMT, the extracts of the two Acacia species were effective but A. raddiana showed greater efficacy with 100% mortality at 2.5 mg/mL and LC50 = 0.84 mg/mL (acetonic extract). The addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extracts suggested that tannins were responsible for blocking egg eclosion and inducing adult mortality but were not responsible for exsheathment inhibition. These results suggest that the leaves of these Acacia species possess ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro against H. contortus, and adulticidal effects against C. elegans

Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). For the AMT, the extracts of the two Acacia species were effective but A. raddiana showed greater efficacy with 100% mortality at 2.5 mg/mL and LC50 = 0.84 mg/mL (acetonic extract). The addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extracts suggested that tannins were responsible for blocking egg eclosion and inducing adult mortality but were not responsible for exsheathment inhibition. These results suggest that the leaves of these Acacia species possess ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro against H. contortus, and adulticidal effects against C. elegans

Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa

Abstract Background Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. Results The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). Conclusions The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities