A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study of Dengue in Infants: Rethinking and Refining the Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Model

Analyses of a prospective case-control study of infant dengue by Daniel Libraty and colleagues casts doubt on the antibody-dependent enhancement model for dengue hemorrhagic fever

Low adiposity during early infancy is associated with a low risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever: a preliminary model

Dengue virus (DENV) infections range from asymptomatic or mild illness to a severe and potentially life threatening disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF occurs in primary DENV infections during early infancy. A prospective clinical study of DENV infections during infancy was conducted in San Pablo, Philippines. We found that infants who developed DHF with a primary DENV infection had higher WHO weight-for-age z scores before and at the time of infection compared to infants with primary DENV infections who did not develop DHF. In addition, TLR 7/8-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production from myeloid-derived cells was higher among well-nourished infants. Leptin augmented TLR 7/8-mediated TNF-alpha production in monocytes and decreased intracellular cAMP levels. Circulating leptin levels were elevated during early infancy and correlated with WHO weight-for-age z scores. Our data support a plausible hypothesis as to why well-nourished infants are at risk for developing DHF with their first DENV infection

A feasibility study on the comforter and pillow in one

This feasibility study was executed to know the acceptance rate of the proponents\u27 proposed product, as well as to ascertain the feasibility of the proposed product, the comforter and pillow in one. Aside from knowing these components, the proponents also studied the technical aspect, the management and legal aspect, the financial aspect and lastly, the socio-economic aspect to find out how effective the corporation will be in venturing into such business. In this study, the proponents used non-probability judgmental method in unveiling the marketability of the said product. Furthermore, the proponents used the cost plus mark-up method in determining the price for which the product will be sold. The proponents were able to realize that indeed, the study is feasible, there is a market for the proposed product and therefore, the proponents can venture into the business

Additional file 1: of National Influenza Surveillance in the Philippines from 2006 to 2012: seasonality and circulating strains

Data on influenza positivity rates from 2006 to 2011, National Influenza Surveillance Philippines and computation of average epidemic curve and alert threshold. (XLSX 52 kb

Intracellular cytokine staining for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in R-848 (1 µM) stimulated infant peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the first study visit in an undernourished/malnourished state (WHO weight-for-age (w-a) z score<−2) compared to a well-nourished state (WHO w-a z score ≥−2).

<p>Bars are median values. P-values are from non-parametric statistical tests. (a) Percentage of TNF-α+ monocytes, and (b) TNF-α median fluorescence intensity (MFI) in monocytes. Unstimulated condition subtracted from the values for each donor.</p

Longitudinal assessment of plasma leptin levels in <i>n</i> = 38 healthy infants over the first year of life.

<p>Symbols and error bars are median values and 95% confidence intervals.</p

World Health Organization (WHO) weight-for-age z scores of infants with primary dengue virus (DENV) infections (a) at the time of acute illness and (b) at the first study visit, before the primary DENV infection.

<p>Boxplot bars are median values, box outlines are 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and error bars are 10^th and 90^th percentiles. Ages are presented as median [95% confidence interval]. ^† p-values for primary DENV-infected infants with unambiguous dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) compared to those without DHF (non-parametric statistical tests).</p

Effect of leptin pre-treatment on (a) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and (b) intracellular cAMP levels in CD14+ monocytes.

<p>Recombinant human (rh) leptin was added to CD14+ monocytes from non-obese adult male donors 1 h before stimulating with R-848 (5 µM) (<i>n</i> = 6 independent experiments). Cell-free culture supernatants were collected 6 h later for TNF-α ELISAs, and cell lysates were collected for cAMP ELISAs. Bars and error bars are median values and S.D., respectively. * p = 0.03 compared to no leptin pre-treatment. † p = 0.046 compared to no leptin pre-treatment.</p