3,330 research outputs found
Paths to prosperity: knowledge is key for Fourth District states
Even as per capita income has increased across the United States, differences among states’ incomes remain. What are the sources of these remaining differences? This Commentary identifies and analyzes the key factors—patents, educational attainment, and industry structure—that influence income-growth rates and thus per capita incomes. It also explores where the Fourth District falls in relation to other states and the country as a whole.Economic development ; Income ; Education - Economic aspects
Non-collinear Magnetoelectronics
The electron transport properties of hybrid ferromagnetic|normal metal
structures such as multilayers and spin valves depend on the relative
orientation of the magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic elements.
Whereas the contrast in the resistance for parallel and antiparallel
magnetizations, the so-called Giant Magnetoresistance, is relatively well
understood for quite some time, a coherent picture for non-collinear
magnetoelectronic circuits and devices has evolved only recently. We review
here such a theory for electron charge and spin transport with general
magnetization directions that is based on the semiclassical concept of a vector
spin accumulation. In conjunction with first-principles calculations of
scattering matrices many phenomena, e.g. the current-induced spin-transfer
torque, can be understood and predicted quantitatively for different material
combinations.Comment: 163 pages, to be published in Physics Report
State growth empirics: the long-run determinants of state income growth
Real average U.S. per capita personal income growth over the last 65 years exceeded a remarkable 400 percent. Also notable over this period is that the stark income differences across states have narrowed considerably: In 1939 the highest income state’s per capita personal income was 4.5 times the lowest, but by 1976 this ratio had fallen to less than 2 times. Since 1976, the standard deviation of per capita incomes at the state level has actually risen, as some higher-income states have seen their income levels rise relative to the median of the states. A better understanding of the sources of these relative growth performances should help to characterize more effective economic development strategies, if income growth differences are predictable. In this paper, we look for statistically and economically significant growth factors by estimating an augmented growth model using a panel of the 48 contiguous states from 1939 to 2004. Specifically, we control for factors that previous researchers have argued were important: tax burdens, public infrastructure, size of private financial markets, rates of business failure, industry structure, climate, and knowledge stocks. Our results, which are robust to a wide variety of perturbations to the model, are easily summarized: A state’s knowledge stocks (as measured by its stock of patents and its high school and college attainment rates) are the main factors explaining a state’s relative per capita personal income.Economic development ; Income ; Education - Economic aspects
Thermal Spin-Transfer Torques in Magnetoelectronic Devices
We predict that the magnetization direction of a ferromagnet can be reversed
by the spin-transfer torque accompanying spin-polarized thermoelectric heat
currents. We illustrate the concept by applying a finite-element theory of
thermoelectric transport in disordered magnetoelectronic circuits and devices
to metallic spin valves. When thermalization is not complete, a spin heat
accumulation vector is found in the normal metal spacer, i.e., a directional
imbalance in the temperature of majority and minority spins.Comment: Accepted for publication by Physical Review Letter
The development of a wind tunnel facility for the study of V/STOL noise
August 1972Includes bibliographical references (leaf 12)An open-jet wind tunnel operating within an anechoic chamber was developed for the purpose of the study of V/STOL noise mechanisms. An existing low-speed conventional hard-walled wind tunnel was modified to operate as an open-jet tunnel; an anechoic chamber was then constructed around the test section. The resulting aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of the tunnel are discussed.Sponsored by ARO Durha
Dynamic ferromagnetic proximity effect in photoexcited semiconductors
The spin dynamics of photoexcited carriers in semiconductors in contact with
a ferromagnet is treated theoretically and compared with time-dependent Faraday
rotation experiments. The long time response of the system is found to be
governed by the first tens of picoseconds in which the excited plasma interacts
strongly with the intrinsic interface between semiconductor and ferromagnet in
spite of the existence of a Schottky barrier in equilibrium
Heavy fermion superconductivity and magnetic order in non-centrosymmetric
is a novel heavy fermion superconductor, crystallising in the
structure as a tetragonally distorted low symmetry variant of the
structure type. exhibits antiferromagnetic order at
K and enters into a heavy fermion superconducting state at
K. Large values of T/K and T refer to heavy quasiparticles forming Cooper pairs. Hitherto, is the first heavy fermion superconductor without a center of
symmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Semiclassical Concepts in Magnetoelectronics
Semiclassical theories of electron and spin transport in metallic magnetic
structures are reviewed with emphasis on the role of disorder and electronic
band structures in the current perpendicular to the interface plane (CPP)
transport configuration.Comment: Proceedings of the NEC Symposium on "Spin-related Quantum Transport
in Mesoscopic Systems", to be published in the Journal of Materials Science
and Engineering
A unified first-principles study of Gilbert damping, spin-flip diffusion and resistivity in transition metal alloys
Using a formulation of first-principles scattering theory that includes
disorder and spin-orbit coupling on an equal footing, we calculate the
resistivity , spin flip diffusion length and the Gilbert damping
parameter for NiFe substitutional alloys as a function of
. For the technologically important NiFe alloy, permalloy, we
calculate values of Ohm-cm, nm,
and compared to experimental low-temperature values
in the range Ohm-cm for , nm for , and
for indicating that the theoretical formalism captures
the most important contributions to these parameters.Comment: Published in Physical Review Letter
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