Effect of three-body interactions on the formation entropy of monovacancies in copper, silver and gold

The vacancy formation entropy in Cu, Ag and Au is estimated from model calculations with explicit treatment of three-body interactions. The three-body interactions cause a rather strong relaxation around the vacancies and therefore lead to lower values for the formation entropy than usual pair-potential calculations

Weiterbildungsbedarfsanalysen: Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt "Weiterbildung im Prozess der Arbeit" (WAP)

"Das Thema Lernen in der Arbeit ist ein bedeutendes Forschungsund Handlungsfeld in der beruflichen Bildung. Auch im Bereich der beruflichen Weiterbildung werden zunehmend Konzepte des arbeitsorientierten Lernens entwickelt und erprobt (z.B. APO-IT). In der Weiterbildungsdiskussion ist dabei auffällig, dass nicht alle Beschäftigungsbereiche gleichermaßen thematisiert werden. So mangelt es sowohl an Untersuchungen zu den Weiterbildungsbedarfen und -möglichkeiten im Bereich der 'einfachen' Arbeit als auch an konkreten Weiterbildungskonzepten für Beschäftigte unterhalb des Facharbeiterniveaus. Vor dem Hintergrund der gestiegenen Anforderungen im Bereich der 'einfachen Arbeit' sowie der geringen Weiterbildungschancen von an- und ungelernten Arbeitern ist dies nahezu unverantwortlich. Des Weiteren erfordert das primär informelle Lernen am Arbeitsplatz, welches oft beiläufig und manchmal sogar unbewusst geschieht, Instrumente zur Planung, Organisation und Reflexion von Lernen und Erfahrungserwerb. Hier besteht ebenfalls ein Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf. Das Projekt 'Weiterbildung im Prozess der Arbeit für Fachkräfte in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie in Baden- Württemberg' (WAP) widmet sich diesem Themenfeld. Ziel des Projektes ist es, ein arbeitsorientiertes Lernkonzept für an- und ungelernte Beschäftigte zu erproben und gleichzeitig praktikable Instrumente in den Unternehmen einzuführen, die diese Lernform dauerhaft in die Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung integrierten. Eines der Instrumente ist die Analyse von Weiterbildungsbedarfen, deren Ergebnisse in diesem Forschungsbericht vorgestellt werden." (Autorenreferat)"Work process knowledge and workplace learning have become crucial issues of VET research and practice in recent years. In the field of continuing vocational training (CVT) there have been developed new learning strategies at the workplace (e.g. APO-IT). Regarding these activities it has to be noted that it is still a research task to investigate the change of work of unskilled or semi-skilled workers in German industry. These workers also have a low participation in continuing vocational training. Behind the background of the increasing requirements of so called 'simple' work it is almost irresponsible not to offer more learning possibilities for low qualified workers. Learning at the workplace is rather informal learning which often occurs casually without a proper learning intention. The goal to embed learning in the workplace needs didactical instruments for the planning, organisation and evaluation of learning arrangements. The three-year project 'learning in the work process for employees in the metal and electrical industry in Baden-Wurttemberg' (WAP) is working on this topic. The overall goal of the project is to improve CVT for those employees who are usually underrepresented in CVT or HRD. Therefore we develop several instruments for enterprises to integrate a culture of learning at the workplace into the organisation and personal development. One of those instruments is the training need analysis. The concept and the results of the need analysis in the project WAP is described in this paper." (author's abstract

Weiterbildungsprofile und Arbeits- und Lernprojekte: Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt "Weiterbildung im Prozess der Arbeit" (WAP)

"Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht ist die Fortführung des Forschungsberichtes Nr. 27, in dem das Konzept und die Ergebnisse der Weiterbildungsbedarfsanalyse vorgestellt wurden. In diesem Bericht werden das arbeitsorientierte Weiterbildungskonzept und die eingesetzten Instrumente im Projekt 'Weiterbildung im Prozess der Arbeit für an- und ungelernte Fachkräfte in der Metall- und Elektroindustrie in Baden-Württemberg' (WAP) beschrieben. Hierzu werden zunächst betriebliche Handlungsfelder mittels der partizipativen Methodik der Experten-Workshops analysiert und in Form von Arbeitsaufgaben beschrieben und geordnet. Diese Arbeitsaufgaben bilden den Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung von betrieblichen Weiterbildungsprofilen. Die Umsetzung des Lernkonzeptes erfolgt in Arbeitsprozessen durch das didaktische Instrument der 'Arbeits- und Lernprojekte' (ALP), die aus authentischen betrieblichen Aufgabenstellungen oder Aufträgen abgeleitet werden und sich immer auf eine Arbeitsaufgabe im Profil beziehen. Im Bericht werden die im Projekt entwickelten Weiterbildungsprofile und die Arbeits- und Lernprojekte vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)"This report is the second part of the ITB report no.27. In the first report the concept and results of the further need analysis was presented. The second report deals with the WAP learning mode and its didactical instruments which were developed and tested in the project 'continuing vocational training in work process for unskilled and semi-skilled employees in the metal and electrical industry in Baden-Wurttemberg'. In a first step we analysed occupational fields with the participatory methodology of expert workers' work-shops. In the workshops we identified and described the work tasks of expert workers in a work area, and ordered the tasks using a competence model. These work tasks form the starting point for the development of the CVT programmes. To each work task in the profile we developed a set of work-based learning projects (WBLP) which is the didactical instrument to design learning at the workplace. In this report the principles of the tasks analysis, the development of CVT curricula and the design of work-based learning projects are described." (author's abstract

ReFEx: Reusability Flight Experiment - A Demonstration Experiment for Technologies for Aerodynamically Controlled RLV Stages

The Reusability Flight Experiment (ReFEx) is a technology demonstration flight experiment to gain developmental and operational experience with a fully aerodynamically controlled reusable launch vehicle stage. It is slated to launch from Koonibba test range in South Australia in 2024 using a VSB- 30 sounding rocket to inject it into a trajectory typical of returning stages. Key factor is to demonstrate the capability to autonomously initiate return flight trajectory to the launch site using only aerodynamic means and reach designated waypoints. The project is currently in the final stages of AIV and organisational activities such as applying for a launch license. This paper gives an overview of the main systems and focuses on a system level FMECA approach used to identify failure response modes for the flight safety analysis

A Comparison between Integer Order and Non-integer Order Controllers Applied to a Water Levelling System

The purpose of this paper is to compare responses of two systems with two types of controllers: integer order PI controller and non-integer order PIλ controller (FOPI). Comparison is made on the grounds of time domain responses of waters level in tank. In order to design both of the controllers, numerical model is established and described. Synthesis method with use of simulated annealing optimisation method is developed for each controller. In order to do a correct comparison, the two control systems have the same designing parameters. Matlab/Simulink environment and numerical model are used to do the computing. Numerically designed controllers are verified experimentally with tank system. The obtained results show that using non-integer order PIλ controller instead of a ”traditional” PI controller in simple integrating systems is useless

Capabilities of Gossamer-1 derived small spacecraft solar sails carrying MASCOT-derived nanolanders for in-situ surveying of NEAs

Any effort which intends to physically interact with specific asteroids requires understanding at least of the composition and multi-scale structure of the surface layers, sometimes also of the interior. Therefore, it is necessary first to characterize each target object sufficiently by a precursor mission to design the mission which then interacts with the object. In small solar system body (SSSB) science missions, this trend towards landing and sample-return missions is most apparent. It also has led to much interest in MASCOT-like landing modules and instrument carriers. They integrate at the instrument level to their mothership and by their size are compatible even with small interplanetary missions. The DLR-ESTEC Gossamer Roadmap NEA Science Working Groups‘ studies identified Multiple NEA Rendezvous (MNR) as one of the space science missions only feasible with solar sail propulsion. Parallel studies of Solar Polar Orbiter (SPO) and Displaced L1 (DL1) space weather early warning missions studies outlined very lightweight sailcraft and the use of separable payload modules for operations close to Earth as well as the ability to access any inclination and a wide range of heliocentric distances. These and many other studies outline the unique capability of solar sails to provide access to all SSSB, at least within the orbit of Jupiter. Since the original MNR study, significant progress has been made to explore the performance envelope of near-term solar sails for multiple NEA rendezvous. However, although it is comparatively easy for solar sails to reach and rendezvous with objects in any inclination and in the complete range of semi-major axis and eccentricity relevant to NEOs and PHOs, it remains notoriously difficult for sailcraft to interact physically with a SSSB target object as e.g. the Hayabusa missions do. The German Aerospace Center, DLR, recently brought the Gossamer solar sail deployment technology to qualification status in the Gossamer-1 project. Development of closely related technologies is continued for very large deployable membrane-based photovoltaic arrays in the GoSolAr project. We expand the philosophy of the Gossamer solar sail concept of efficient multiple sub-spacecraft integration to also include landers for one-way in-situ investigations and sample-return missions. These are equally useful for planetary defence scenarios, SSSB science and NEO utilization. We outline the technological concept used to complete such missions and the synergetic integration and operation of sail and lander. We similarly extend the philosophy of MASCOT and use its characteristic features as well as the concept of Constraints-Driven Engineering for a wider range of operations

Small Spacecraft Based Multiple Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous and Landing with Near-Term Solar Sails and ‘Now-Term‘ Technologies

Physical interaction with small solar system bodies (SSSB) is the next step in planetary science, planetary in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), and planetary defense (PD). It requires a broader understanding of the surface properties of the target objects, with particular interest focused on those near Earth. Knowledge of composition, multi-scale surface structure, thermal response, and interior structure is required to design, validate and operate missions addressing these three fields. The current level of understanding is occasionally simplified into the phrase, ”If you’ve seen one asteroid, you’ve seen one asteroid”, meaning that the in-situ characterization of SSSBs has yet to cross the threshold towards a robust and stable scheme of classification. This would enable generic features in spacecraft design, particularly for ISRU and science missions. Currently, it is necessary to characterize any potential target object sufficiently by a dedicated pre-cursor mission to design the mission which then interacts with the object in a complex fashion. To open up strategic approaches, much broader in-depth characterization of potential target objects would be highly desirable. In SSSB science missions, MASCOT-like nano-landers and instrument carriers which integrate at the instrument level to their mothership have met interest. By its size, MASCOT is compatible with small interplanetary missions. The DLR-ESTEC Gossamer Roadmap Science Working Groups‘ studies identified Multiple Near-Earth asteroid (NEA) Rendezvous (MNR) as one of the space science missions only feasible with solar sail propulsion. The Solar Polar Orbiter (SPO) study showed the ability to access any inclination, theDisplaced-L1 (DL1) mission operates close to Earth, where objects of interest to PD and for ISRU reside. Other studies outline the unique capability of solar sails to provide access to all SSSB, at least within the orbit of Jupiter, and significant progress has been made to explore the performance envelope of near-term solar sails for MNR. However, it is difficult for sailcraft to interact physically with a SSSB. We expand and extend the philosophy of the recently qualified DLR Gossamer solar sail deployment technology using efficient multiple sub-spacecraft integration to also include landers for one-way in-situ investigations and sample-return missions by synergetic integration and operation of sail and lander. The MASCOT design concept and its characteristic features have created an ideal counterpart for thisand has already been adapted to the needs of the AIM spacecraft, former part of the NASA-ESA AIDA mission. Designing the combined spacecraft for piggy-back launch accommodation enables low-cost massively parallel access to the NEA population