De la vulnérabilité de la parcelle à celle de l'exploitation agricole : un changement d'échelle nécessaire pour l'évaluation économique des projets de gestion des inondations

En France, peu de travaux ont été consacrés à la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité des zones agricoles exposées aux inondations, encore moins à son utilisation dans le cadre d'une évaluation économique de politique de gestion des inondations. Nous proposons dans cet article un modèle conceptuel de la vulnérabilité agricole pouvant servir à une telle évaluation, lorsque les politiques visent à une modification de l'événement physique à l'origine de l'inondation ou à une modification de la vulnérabilité des enjeux exposés à cet événement. / Flood management policies promoted by French government impact agriculture land in two ways. Firstly, they may be designated as potential areas for flood expansion. Secondly, since the 2003 law, local authorities have the right to flood these areas more than those which have been deemed to be more vulnerable (urban areas). Meanwhile, policy-driven appraisals of flood management projects are becoming commonplace in France. This highlights the need to better understand agricultural vulnerability and to develop methods for quantifying it. To introduce our approach, we first present the research conducted by Plan Loire which marks a shift away from existing practices of agriculture vulnerability assessment by considering vulnerability at the farm scale rather than at the plot scale. Based on ex-post flood damage assessment and the results of stakeholders questionnaires in the agricultural sector, forty seven determinants of farm vulnerability to flooding were identified and classified. These determinants were used to draft a guide for farmers. This guide aims to highlight the impacts their farm activities could face in case of flooding and to identify measures to mitigate their vulnerability. At the present, this guide is used along the Rhone River and will be probably used along the Loire River in the future. The current application of these guides to mitigate vulnerability of farms revealed the need for further research which is partly presented here. By focusing on the farming system, we aimed at providing a framework to economically assess agricultural vulnerability to flooding. Firstly, we identified flood effects at the farming system scale including possible interactions with the territorial scale, in order to propose a conceptual model which provides a framework for economic assessment. Finally, we discuss the implications for projects economic appraisal. The provided framework for agricultural vulnerability assessment would enable a selection of most efficient measures to mitigate farm vulnerability using a ratio depending on the agricultural context. It would also help to prioritize projects to reduce vulnerability by economic appraisal at a wider spatial scale such as water basin

Towards an\u2028 EU research and innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final report of the Horizon 2020 expert group on nature-based solutions and re-naturing cities.

1. Nature-based solutions harness the power and sophistication of nature to turn environmental, social and economic challenges into innovation opportunities. They can address a variety of societal challenges in sustainable ways, with the potential to contribute to green growth, 'future-proofing' society, fostering citizen well-being, providing business opportunities and positioning Europe as a leader in world markets. \u2028 2. Nature-based solutions are actions which are inspired by, supported by or copied from nature. They have tremendous potential to be energy and resource-efficient and resilient to change, but to be successful they must be adapted to local conditions. \u2028 3. Many nature-based solutions result in multiple co-benefits for health, the economy, society and the environment, and thus they can represent more efficient and cost-effective solutions than more traditional approaches. \u2028 4. An EU Research & Innovation (R&I) agenda on nature-based solutions will enable Europe to become a world leader both in R&I and in the growing market for nature-based solutions. For this, the evidence base for the effectiveness of nature-based solutions needs to be developed and then used to implement solutions. Both need to be done in conjunction with stakeholders. The potential for transferability and upscaling of solutions also requires further investigation. There is also a need to develop a systemic approach that combines technical, business, finance, governance, regulatory and social innovation. \u2028 5. Four principal goals have been identified that can be addressed by nature-based solutions: �� Enhancing sustainable urbanisation through nature-based solutions can stimulate economic growth as well as improving the environment, making cities more attractive, and enhancing human well-being. \u2028 �� Restoring degraded ecosystems using nature-based solutions can improve the resilience of ecosystems, enabling them to deliver vital ecosystem services and also to meet other societal challenges. \u2028 �� Developing climate change adaptation and mitigation using nature-based solutions can provide more resilient responses and enhance the storage of carbon. \u2028 �� Improving risk management and resilience using nature-based solutions can lead to greater benefits than conventional methods and offer synergies in reducing multiple risks. \u2028 6. Based on the four goals, seven nature-based solutions for R&I actions are recommended to be taken forward by the European Commission and Member States: �� Urban regeneration through nature-based solutions \u2028 �� Nature-based solutions for improving well-being in urban areas \u2028 �� Establishing nature-based solutions for coastal resilience \u2028 �� Multi-functional nature-based watershed management and ecosystem restoration \u2028 �� Nature-based solutions for increasing the sustainability of the use of matter and energy \u2028 �� Nature-based solutions for enhancing the insurance value of ecosystems \u2028 �� Increasing carbon sequestration through nature-based solutions \u2028This report was produced by the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on 'Nature-Based Solutions and Re- Naturing Cities', informed by the findings of an e-consultation and a stakeholder workshop. \u202

Diabetes mellitus in the elderly: from the epidemiological challenge to a personalized approach

peer reviewedDiabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease in the elderly, being either a known disease with a long history (type 1 or even more often type 2 diabetes) and then frequently associated with various diabetic complications, or a recently diagnosed diabetes that may, however, have been ignored for a rather long time. In this latter case, diabetes may present as the occurrence or aggravation of one or several geriatric syndromes that overall result in a loss of autonomy. The global geriatric assessment, the estimation of life expectancy and the justification of glucose-lowering treatments should be performed at regular intervals in elderly diabetic people as they determine the right choice of glucose target levels and the best selection of glucose-lowering agents. Medications that can induce hypoglycaemia should ideally be avoided, especially in the frailty older population. The benefit-risk ratio of the proposed therapies should be analyzed first, and then regularly reassessed because of a potentially rapidly progressing condition. The recommended approach is a tailored management of diabetes that should integrate the clinical, functional and psycho-social aspects of elderly individuals.Le patient âgé, atteint de diverses maladies chroniques, est généralement confronté à une polymédication qui l’expose à des manifestations indésirables potentielles. Cellesci peuvent s’expliquer par des particularités pharmacocinétiques ou pharmacodynamiques qui rendent le patient âgé plus vulnérable vis-à-vis des effets de certains médicaments. Le recrutement des patients âgés dans les essais cliniques laisse souvent à désirer de telle sorte qu’il n’est pas toujours aisé de déterminer le réel rapport bénéfices/risques d’un médicament dans cette population. A l’évidence, l’iatrogénie y est fréquente de telle sorte qu’une altération inexpliquée de l’état de santé d’un sujet âgé doit faire évoquer une éventuelle origine médicamenteuse. Ce constat doit inciter le clinicien à une prescription raisonnée et raisonnable des médicaments chez la personne âgée, en s’interrogeant non seulement sur l’intérêt d’initier un traitement pharmacologique, mais aussi sur l’opportunité d’interrompre éventuellement une thérapie en cours, inutile, voire dangereuse. Plutôt que la polymédication en tant que telle, c’est plutôt la prescription inappropriée qui doit être évitée chez la personne âgée

LA MESURE AMBULATOIRE DE LA PRESSION ARTERIELLE (INTERET PRATIQUE CHEZ LE DIABETIQUE)

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Local authorities facing flood related networks failures in France

Network critical infrastructures have become vital to keep our societies running in every-day situations, but also during crisis and recovery. Involving many stakeholders at different scales, they form a complex system that can be easily disturbed by internal or external events, because then all the dependencies that allow to optimizing their working become flaws that help failures to spread beyond the flooded area and from one network to another. Thus every flood reminds us how vulnerable infrastructures are and how much it costs when they fail. But whereas it isn’t so difficult to adapt new urban development, what about all the existing and exposed infrastructures? CEPRI carried out research on encountered difficulties and good practices to understand the situation and consider improvement opportunities. We worked out three steps to a better territory resilience to flood. First, get a better knowledge of networks. Then, as far as possible, reduce networks vulnerability. Finally, as risks of network failures always remain, get prepared to cope with disruptions! CEPRI gathered many experiences to illustrate and strengthen its work, which aims at helping local authorities to reduce their vulnerability to flood and related networks failures

Local authorities facing flood related networks failures in France

Network critical infrastructures have become vital to keep our societies running in every-day situations, but also during crisis and recovery. Involving many stakeholders at different scales, they form a complex system that can be easily disturbed by internal or external events, because then all the dependencies that allow to optimizing their working become flaws that help failures to spread beyond the flooded area and from one network to another. Thus every flood reminds us how vulnerable infrastructures are and how much it costs when they fail. But whereas it isn’t so difficult to adapt new urban development, what about all the existing and exposed infrastructures? CEPRI carried out research on encountered difficulties and good practices to understand the situation and consider improvement opportunities. We worked out three steps to a better territory resilience to flood. First, get a better knowledge of networks. Then, as far as possible, reduce networks vulnerability. Finally, as risks of network failures always remain, get prepared to cope with disruptions! CEPRI gathered many experiences to illustrate and strengthen its work, which aims at helping local authorities to reduce their vulnerability to flood and related networks failures

Does flood risk information held within at risk population always have a positive impact? An evaluation of the effects of French regulatory tools in Orleans

French law on major risk preventive information for population setup the objective to make the citizen able to act for his own safety and to participate through his behaviour to the civil security. To reach this objective, the policymakers developed 4 regulatory tools that have to be implemented by the local authorities. These 4 tools do not meet the success factors of risk communication measures aiming at inducing behavioural adaptation to face risks. This, added to the fact that people who die in the last floods events in France lost their lives due to either a lack of knowledge of the risk or to a risk taking behaviour, led us to question the impact of the preventive information regulatory tools. For the needs of our study we developed a risk perception and behaviour scale, helping us to classify the people of our sample. Our evaluation in Orléans shows that very few people know the regulatory tools and that their impact is quite low, far from the policymakers’ expectations. This highlight the real necessity to innovate in the field of flood risk communication

Does flood risk information held within at risk population always have a positive impact? An evaluation of the effects of French regulatory tools in Orleans

French law on major risk preventive information for population setup the objective to make the citizen able to act for his own safety and to participate through his behaviour to the civil security. To reach this objective, the policymakers developed 4 regulatory tools that have to be implemented by the local authorities. These 4 tools do not meet the success factors of risk communication measures aiming at inducing behavioural adaptation to face risks. This, added to the fact that people who die in the last floods events in France lost their lives due to either a lack of knowledge of the risk or to a risk taking behaviour, led us to question the impact of the preventive information regulatory tools. For the needs of our study we developed a risk perception and behaviour scale, helping us to classify the people of our sample. Our evaluation in Orléans shows that very few people know the regulatory tools and that their impact is quite low, far from the policymakers’ expectations. This highlight the real necessity to innovate in the field of flood risk communication

Estimation du volume et de la nature des déchets produits par une inondation. Éléments de réflexion pour l'élaboration d'une méthode

International audienceThe stakeholders of waste management and the territory managers begin to show interest for the problems of waste flood. They express the need of being better sensitized and of having adapted tools. Following this objective, there is a central question: how to estimate quantities of these waste? It is necessary for anticipation, organization and planning the management of these flood induced waste, as well as to mobilize decision-makers on this topic. Unlike in others countries, in France, quantification and characterization method currently not exists. Existing methods seem not reaching the expectations of waste and territory managers. Indeed, they expect a tool allowing them to make quantities estimation by type of waste, in one hand, and in the other hand, to take in consideration the spatial repartition and time line of waste production by floods. To reach such accuracy imposes to consider methodological stakes.RESUME Les acteurs de la gestion des déchets et les gestionnaires du territoire commencent à appréhender la problématique des déchets post inondation et expriment le besoin d'une meilleure sensibilisation et d'outils adaptés. Dans cet objectif, la question de l'estimation du volume des déchets est un point central. Elle permet en effet d'anticiper, d'organiser et de planifier la gestion des déchets post inondation, mais également de mobiliser les décideurs sur cette problématique. Or, contrairement à d'autres pays, il n'existe pas actuellement de méthode de quantification de ces déchets en France, et les méthodes existantes ne semblent pas convenir aux attentes des gestionnaires des déchets et du territoire. Ces derniers souhaitent en effet un outil leur permettant, d'une part, de quantifier par type de déchets post inondation, mais également, de prendre en compte les questions de spatialisation et de temporalité de la production. Aboutir à une telle précision soulève des enjeux méthodologiques

Assessment and characterization method for flood waste – MECaDéPI project

International audienc