Added distance, entry mode choice, and the moderating effect of experience: The case of British MNEs in emerging markets

We argue that a Developed Market Multinational Enterprise’s (DMNE) decision regarding the mode of entry in an Emerging Market (EM) will be affected by the geographic and administrative distance between the locations in which the MNE has previously held operations. Drawing our arguments on the Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) and Internalization Theory we propose that for low and high geographic and administrative distance, DMNEs will opt to enter EMs via a wholly owned subsidiary (WOS), while for moderate levels of distance via a joint venture (JV). Furthermore, we argue that DMNE’s previous international experience in EMs will have a positive effect on the suggested U-shaped relationship, alleviating the negative effects associated with the coordination and knowledge dissipation costs incurred due to the level of distance. We test our hypotheses against a dataset composed of 316 entries of FTSE 250 British MNEs in 39 EMs over the period 1971 – 2010. The results provide support for the U-shaped relationship, and partial support for the moderating effect of international experience

Local, global, and internal knowledge sourcing: The trilemma of foreign-based R&D subsidiaries

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) develop and sell their products and services in a global market, but also have the ability to source knowledge from local, global and intra-MNE networks. We argue that sourcing knowledge from each of the three networks is contingent upon factors, such as the strategic choice made by the headquarters about the role of the research and development (R&D) subsidiary, the scientific richness of the host location, and the institutional (i.e. IPR - Intellectual Property Rights) distance between the home and host locations. Hypotheses are tested on a dataset of 89 foreign-based R&D subsidiaries of Fortune 500 MNEs. The results indicate that R&D subsidiaries with support lab mandates are less likely to use host and internal (intra-MNE) sources of knowledge and more likely to use the home location's sources of knowledge. Internationally independent labs are less likely to source knowledge from internal networks. The findings show also that the scientific capability and availability of a technically skilled workforce in the host location is associated with the R&D subsidiary's use of local, rather than internal knowledge sources. Finally, weak IPR spurs the use of local knowledge sources, suggesting a role for technological spillovers

The effect of home country characteristics on the internationalization of EMNEs: the moderating role of knowledge stock

This paper examines the effect of home country characteristics on the internationalization of emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Drawing on the institution-based view (IBV), we argue that institutional, political, and social characteristics will positively relate to the internationalization of EMNEs. Further, drawing on the knowledge-based view (KBV), we also argue that a firm’s knowledge stock (KS) will positively moderate the aforementioned relationship. Our research setting involves the incorporation of primary data collected from Iranian multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in the food and beverage industry. The results provide support for the hypotheses that home country characteristics positively impact the international growth of EMNEs but this does not lead to their further expansion. Also, supported was the hypothesis that EMNEs' knowledge stock positively moderates the relationship between home country characteristics and their international growth. These findings not only contribute to current knowledge about the drivers of EMNE’s internationalization but also stress the idiosyncratic role of home country institutions and the impact of knowledge-specific capabilities on the internationalization of EMNEs, their international growth, and expansion

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Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33419/1/0000821.pd

Digital sales channels and the relationship between product and international diversification: Evidence from going digital retail MNEs

Supporting information: Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article, available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1465.Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Research Summary: We argue that in the era of e-commerce, retail firms can simultaneously grow their product and international portfolio by adopting a multichannel strategy, that is, using digital and physical channels. Drawing on the resource bundling perspective, we argue that the previously advocated negative relationship between product and international diversification is mitigated by the retail firm's digital sales intensity. By separately examining product and international diversification across digital and physical channels, we find that while increased product diversification in physical channels relates negatively with international diversification in both physical and digital channels, increased product diversification in digital channels relates positively with international diversification in both channels. Our hypotheses are tested against a sample of 122 born physical - going digital retail MNEs over the period 2006–2016. Managerial Summary: The decision on how firm resources should be allocated for growing a firm's product and international scope has been a continuing debate in corporate strategy. While our research supports the conventional wisdom that product portfolio growth relates negatively to international market growth, we show that firms which increase their digital sales are able to mitigate the costs associated with this relationship. Based on longitudinal data of some of the world's largest retail MNEs, our research shows that retail firms with increased digital sales activity are more capable of mutually benefiting from simultaneously growing their product portfolio and international market presence. Therefore, if a retail firm aims at simultaneously growing its product portfolio and international market presence, it is advisable that they increase their proportion of digital sales (i.e., e-commerce activity)

Contract Types, Institutional Distance and Operational Performance: Evidence from Global Trade Flows in the LNG Industry

Supporting Information is available online at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-8551.12672#support-information-section .We would like to express our gratitude to Kpler for granting us access to its database in order to process their data and conduct this research study. The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of their institutions and organizations. [Correction added on 7th of November 2022, after first online publication: Figure 1 and hypotheses numbers have been updated in this version.].Copyright © 2022 The Authors. In this study, we examine the relationship between contract types, institutional distance and operational performance in the context of cross-border trade in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry. Drawing on the buyer–supplier long-term relationships literature, we argue for a negative link between short-term contractual agreements and operational performance. Further, drawing insights from institutional theory, we contend that a high level of formal and informal institutional distance between the origin (i.e. supplier) and destination (i.e. buyer) countries reduces operational performance. We also argue that formal and informal institutional distance mitigates the negative effect of short-term contracts on operational performance. Finally, we draw on the role of ‘asymmetry in distance’ by examining the direct and moderating effect of both the relevance and direction of formal institutional distance. We test our assumptions using LNG global trade flows from 39 source countries to 44 destination countries over the 2008–2017 period (a total of 17,447 shipments). Our study extends our knowledge on the operational performance implications of buyer–supplier relationships and stresses the important role formal and informal institutional distance plays as a direct and moderating effect on this relationship

The Effect of Foreign Divestment on Subsequent Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Spatial and Temporal Dispersion of Prior Divestment Experience

A free video abstract to accompany this article can be found online at: https://youtu.be/3aRL0bU7VH4Supporting information is available online at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8551.12786#support-information-section .Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Previous research has stressed the importance of the relationship between foreign divestment and subsequent firm performance. Yet, controversy remains, as some authors suggest that foreign divestment has a positive effect on firm performance, and others propose that foreign divestment has negative performance effects. To help reconcile this controversy, we first explicate existing arguments and argue that in the context of retail (de-)internationalisation, foreign divestment will have a predominantly negative effect on retailers’ financial performance. We then draw on organisational learning theory to argue that this negative performance effect of foreign divestment is contingent on (a) the spatial dispersion of previously divested foreign operations (i.e. the extent of geographical diversity of the foreign divestments the multinational enterprise [MNE] has conducted over a specified period of time), and (b) the temporal dispersion of previously divested foreign operations (i.e. the time between prior divestment episodes). Drawing on a panel of some of the largest retail MNEs over the 20-year period 1997–2016, we find that foreign divestment has a negative effect on retailers’ subsequent performance. Our results also indicate that the negative performance effect of foreign divestment is effectively mitigated by retailers’ prior divestment experience in spatially diverse and temporally dispersed settings

Internationalization and digitalization: Their differing role on grocer and non-grocer retailer performance

Supplementary materials are available online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435923000337#sec0030 .Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This study investigates the interplay between two critical phenomena in retailing, i.e., internationalization and digitalization, while accounting for retail sector differences. On one hand, internationalization allows retailers to access a wider range of markets, and on the other, digital channel expansion enhances customer reach and convenience within international markets. More specifically, we examine the relationship between retailer internationalization and performance (I-P relationship), and how this relationship is contingent upon the idiosyncrasies of retail sectors (i.e., grocery vs. non-grocery), digitalization, and their combined effects. Building on the liability of foreignness perspective, we first argue that the I-P relationship is U-shaped, because internationalizing retailers initially incur greater costs in their international expansion owing to their unfamiliarity with foreign markets, but as their foreign presence increases, they benefit from greater market power, experience, and scale economies. Then, we contend that as grocers suffer from higher levels of liability of foreignness due to increased requirements for host country embeddedness, non-grocers benefit more from internationalization with any gains and losses further amplified by digitalization. Hypotheses are tested against a panel of the 234 largest international retailers in the world over a 21-year period (1997–2017) and findings support the conjectures

Hemolysis in the Starr-Edwards aortic prostheses

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33972/1/0000244.pd