Natural Language Does Not Emerge 'Naturally' in Multi-Agent Dialog

A number of recent works have proposed techniques for end-to-end learning of communication protocols among cooperative multi-agent populations, and have simultaneously found the emergence of grounded human-interpretable language in the protocols developed by the agents, all learned without any human supervision! In this paper, using a Task and Tell reference game between two agents as a testbed, we present a sequence of 'negative' results culminating in a 'positive' one -- showing that while most agent-invented languages are effective (i.e. achieve near-perfect task rewards), they are decidedly not interpretable or compositional. In essence, we find that natural language does not emerge 'naturally', despite the semblance of ease of natural-language-emergence that one may gather from recent literature. We discuss how it is possible to coax the invented languages to become more and more human-like and compositional by increasing restrictions on how two agents may communicate.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted at EMNLP 2017 as short pape

Importance of Non-Perturbative QCD Parameters for Bottom Mesons

The importance of non-perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics [QCD] parameters is discussed in context to the predicting power for bottom meson masses and isospin splitting. In the framework of heavy quark effective theory, the work presented here focuses on the different allowed values of the two non perturbative QCD parameters used in heavy quark effective theory formula and using the best fitted parameter, masses of the excited bottom meson states in JP=(1/2)+ doublet in strange as well as non-strange sector are calculated here. The calculated masses are found to be matching well with experiments and other phenomenological models. The mass and hyperfine splitting has also been analyzed for both strange and non-strange heavy mesons with respect to spin and flavor symmetries.Comment: Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 619783, 4 pages, Advances in High Energy Physics, 2014. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1312.540