Convective Heat Transfer Analysis on Prandtl Fluid Model with Peristalsis

The effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) on peristaltic transport of Prandtl fluid in a symmetric channel have been studied under the assumptions of long wave length and low-Reynolds number. Channel walls are considered compliant in nature. Series solutions of axial velocity, stream function and temperature are given by using regular perturbation technique for small values of Prandtl fluid parameter. The effects of physical parameters on the velocity, streamlines and temperature are examined by plotting graphs

Possible mechanism(s) for relaxant effect of aqueous and macerated extracts from Nigella sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pig

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, the relaxant, anticholinergic (functional antagonism) and antihistaminic effects of Nigella sativa have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. To elucidate the other mechanisms responsible for the relaxant effect of this plant, its inhibitory effect on the calcium channel was examined in this study. RESULTS: The inhibitory effects of both concentrations of diltiazem in all three groups of experiments were significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). The inhibitory of two larger concentrations of aqueous extracts in group 1 and 2 were significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). The effect of two larger concentrations of macerated extract in group 1 and all concentrations of this extract in group 2 were also significantly greater than those of saline (p < 0.01 to P < 0.001). However, the extract of Nigella sativa did not show any inhibitory effect in group 3. There was a significant correlation between inhibitory effect and increasing concentrations for both extracts and diltiazem in groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Although the extracts of Nigella sativa showed inhibitory effects on pre-contracted tracheal chains in the presence of both ordinary and calcium free Krebs solution, the absence of inhibitory effects of the extracts on KCl induced contraction of tracheal chains suggest that the calcium channel blocking effect of this plant dose not contribute to the relaxant effect of this plant on the tracheal chains of guinea pigs

Iraqi Women’s Leadership and State-Building

After 2003, Iraq witnessed radical changes in its political system. These changes occurred after many wars, multiple sanctions, and an external occupation during which its infrastructure and institutions were destroyed until it became one of the failed states from which the most serious problems that affect international security and stability emanate. It has also become an environment of conflict and multiple renewed crises, the most important of which is a crisis of leadership and state-building, which has become a necessity to discuss. This research focuses on the topic of the leadership crisis in Iraq and we look to women as a possible leaders in resolving crises and peacemaking in the stage of building the Iraqi state, and on the possibility of applying the relationship between women leadership and nation-building and what this relationship means in the context of continued insecurity and stability. Our research looks at a set of important points: 1- The possibility of exploring the role of women leaders in the process of building the Iraqi state; 2- The political behavior of Iraqi women and their role in the process of state-building; 3- The possibility of women’s participation in conflict resolution and reconstruction after a series of internal political conflicts; 4- The possibility of determining the status of Iraqi women as leaders in the context of political transitions and clarifying the roles they have already played in the transitional phase. Are Iraqi women considered essential actors in the processes of achieving peace and building the state

Association of Glutathione–S-Transferase (GSTP1) Genetic Polymorphism in Iraqi Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type2

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that included, in a more range of detoxifying reactions by conjugation of glutathione, to electrophilic material. Polymorphisms n the genes that responsible of GSTs affect, the function of the GSTs. GSTs play an active role in protection of cell against oxidative stress mechanism. Polymorphisms of GSTP1 at codon 105 amino acids forms GSTP1 important site for bind of hydrophobic electrophiles and the substitution of Ile/Val affect substrate specially catalytic activity of the enzyme and may correlate with reach to different diseases in human like diabetes mellitus type2 disease. Correlation between these polymorphisms and changes in the parameters file of diabetic patients has also been found, therefore, the results variation considerably among the studies; therefore, these control study was designed to leading to detecting know, as there are no studies on this performed in the people of Iraq. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to study GSTP1genetic polymorphism in 60 T2DM patients and 50 healthy individuals. Our results showed that presence of the GSTP1 heterozygous mutant allele Ile/Val was more common in subjects with T2DM than in the control group (40.00% and 32.00%, respectively; p = 0.01), as well as the found of the homozygous mutant of GSTP1 allele Val/Val was common in T2DM patient and not found in the control group (3.33% and 0.00%, respectively; p = 0.001).GSTP1 genotypes do not have an effect on blood lipids after infection with diabetes mellitus. Agarose gels used to determined genotypes according to the bands were that appeared in electrophoresis of gel

Role of Salivary Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Immunoglobulin- A in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Background: Until today, the etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown, although hints of its etiologic basis lay on genetic susceptibility, infectious agents and alterations in immune mechanics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible alterations in salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Immunoglobulin-A (IgA) level in patients with RAS and its relation with clinical types of disease. Subjects and Methods: Salivary TNF-α levels were investigated in 50 RAS patients and 25 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Single radial immune diffusion method was used for estimation of IgA level in two studied groups. Results: Salivary level of TNF-α was significantly higher in RAS patients than in healthy controls (p0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that saliva provides an ideal medium for the detection of proinflammatory markers of the oral cavity, moreover; salivary TNF-α may play an important role in pathogenesis of this disease and it may also have an important role in the search of new treatments for this disease. As well as these results indicated to a possible role of mucosal immune system in pathogenesis of RAS

Halophytes: What are their Defines, Important, and their Strategies to be Live in Saline Habitats? (A Review)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; تتميز النباتات الملحية بقدرتها للعيش و الانتاجية في الترب او البيئات الملحية الاخرى. ان مصطلح النباتات الملحية يشير الى تلك الانواع التي تستطيع العيش في مواطن عالية الملوحة مثل الاهوار و الصحاري المالحة, بشرط ان انتاجيتها من الكتلة الحية عالية نسبيا في هكذا بيئات, وهي تمثل نباتات مهمة جدا نظرا لاستخداماتها المتعددة سواء كغذاء او علف او انتاج ادوية و غيرها من الاستعمالات الاخرى. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; تستطيع تلك النباتات ان تحل مشكلة الملوحة العالية من خلال ان انواعها اما متحملة او مقاومة للملوحة عن طريق عدد من التكيفات و التي بدورها يمكن ان تكون تحورات مظهرية او تشريحية او خلوية. و تهدف هذه المراجعة إلى الإجابة عن الأسئلة الرئيسية المتعلقة بالنباتات الملحية والتي تشمل: ما هو تعريفها, ما هي اهميتها و استراتيجياتها للعيش وإعطاء إنتاجية جيدة في البيئات المالحة ؟Halophytes or saline plants characterized in their ability to live and give production in saline soils or in other saline habitats. They refer to plants that can live in high salts habitats like saline marshes and saline deserts, and can give relatively a high production of biomass in such habitats. They are very important due to their different uses of them as food, fodder, drugs and many other different important. They may solve salinity problem tolerant or avoidant species by several adaptations which may by morphological, anatomical or cellular modifications. In this review tend to answer the main questions related to halophytes which including: what are their defines, important, and their strategies to be live and give good productivity &nbsp;in saline habitats

IL-2 and IL-4 Serum Levels in Breast Cancer

Background: The role of cytokines in cancer immunity and carcinogenesis in general has been well established, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of many solid cancers.This study aimed to estimate serum levels of IL-2 and IL-4, and to shed light on the correlation of these interleukins with progression of breast cancer. Patients and Methods: The study included 80 women, it comprised of 45 breast cancer patients, 12 patients with benign breast lesions and 23 apparently healthy controls. ELISA method has been used for estimation the level of IL-2 and IL-4 in serum of three studied groups. Results: This study showed elevation of IL-4 level in the sera of breast cancer patients with significant differences between breast cancer and controls (p<0.001), this elevation was correlated with progression  of the tumor. In addition, the elevation of serum level of IL-4 was found to be inversely related to ER and PR expression (P=<0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the median of serum level of IL-2 in patients as compared with control groups. Conclusions: There was association between elevated serum level of IL-4 and breast cancer and this elevation was correlated with advanced stage of disease. In addition, there was no association between the statistical significant decrease of IL-2 serum level and the advanced stage of breast cancer

Ten-Year Change in the Scientific Literacy of Primary Science Teachers in China: Reflections on Training Programs and Personnel Policies

Using two rounds in 2003 and 2013 of large sample longitudinal surveys of science teachers in primary schools from 21 provinces and autonomous regions of China, results suggest that Chinese teachers’ basic scientific literacy was still low with only a slight increase in the procedural knowledge of science. The evidence also suggests little increase in epistemological knowledge of science among teachers, especially concerning with the classic nature of science. Chinese teachers\u27 non-scientific teaching behavior remained unchanged. This phenomenon associated with the relative ineffectiveness of in-service training teachers\u27 received and with the discriminative personnel policy of recruitment and promotion for primary science teachers. The implicit cultural impact of these findings is also discussed