3,006 research outputs found
Public culture and public understanding of genetics: a focus group study
As the role of genetic science in everyday life has grown, policymakers have become concerned about Americansâ understandings of this science. Much effort has been devoted to formal schooling, but less attention has been paid to the role of public culture in shaping public understanding of genetics. Research into public cultural messages about genetics has claimed that the public is likely to adopt problematic accounts, but few studies have explored the publicâs articulation of these messages. This study is based on 25 focus groups convened to explore the lay publicâs understanding of genetics. The study found that the public processed a greater variety of messages than assumed by previous researchers, including documentaries, non-sciencefiction films, and popular television in addition to previous researchersâ focus on science fiction and news media. The study also found that the public does not process the messages through the linear, transmission model assumed by previous research. The public processes messages about genetics complexly and critically. On the basis of these findings, the study suggests that researchers should include a greater variety of texts about genetics in their research and attend more fully to audience processing in addition to content analyses of these texts
SIRT1 Activity Is Linked to Its Brain Region-Specific Phosphorylation and Is Impaired in Huntingtonâs Disease Mice
Huntingtons disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. SIRT1 is a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that is implicated in maintaining neuronal health during development, differentiation and ageing. Previous studies suggested that the modulation of SIRT1 activity is neuroprotective in HD mouse models, however, the mechanisms controlling SIRT1 activity are unknown. We have identified a striatum-specific phosphorylation-dependent regulatory mechanism of SIRT1 induction under normal physiological conditions, which is impaired in HD. We demonstrate that SIRT1 activity is down-regulated in the brains of two complementary HD mouse models, which correlated with altered SIRT1 phosphorylation levels. This SIRT1 impairment could not be rescued by the ablation of DBC1, a negative regulator of SIRT1, but was linked to changes in the sub-cellular distribution of AMPK-α1, a positive regulator of SIRT1 function. This work provides insights into the regulation of SIRT1 activity with the potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies
The (im)possibility of being a breastfeeding working mother: experiences of Ecuadorian healthcare providers
BackgroundThroughout the twentieth century, public health agencies and expert healthcare professionals have recognized breastfeeding as the most nutritious and appropriate option for feeding infants. The Ecuadorian government, in line with international guidelines, has therefore developed laws and initiatives to improve the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, especially among working mothers. However, breastfeeding rates in Ecuador are low.MethodsA qualitative methodology following social constructionist approaches was applied to explore the breastfeeding experiences of Ecuadorian women who are both mothers and healthcare professionals. Using snowball sampling, 60 healthcare professionals who breastfed their babies: 20 nurses, 20 physicians, and 20 nutritionists, took part in research interviews lasting between 30 and 92 minutes. All participants are currently offering telehealth or face-to-face consultation to their patients in Ecuador. Since Ecuador is a multicultural country, efforts were made to include participants from different regions of the country. Data gathering employed virtual semi-structured interviews including Photovoice. The interviews were carried out in Spanish, following a semi-structured topic guide. The data analysis employed constant comparative methods.ResultsThe analysis produced three overarching themes: Integrating breastfeeding in life and work; Establishing space for breastfeeding at work; Negotiations and tensions. The first theme: Integrating breastfeeding in life and work addresses participants' corporeal and emotional experiences when breastfeeding. This theme also includes the participants' experiences of how they integrated their maternal identity and adapted their breastfeeding bodies to their daily routines. The second theme: Establishing space for breastfeeding at work includes the challenges that some women encounter when incorporating and seeking to combine breastfeeding in their professional identities. The third theme: Negotiations and tensions covers how this group of female healthcare professionals had to negotiate the time and space to continue breastfeeding their children while working
The (im)possibility of being a breastfeeding working mother: experiences of Ecuadorian healthcare providers
Background: Throughout the twentieth century, public health agencies and expert healthcare professionals have recognized breastfeeding as the most nutritious and appropriate option for feeding infants. The Ecuadorian government, in line with international guidelines, has therefore developed laws and initiatives to improve the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, especially among working mothers. However, breastfeeding rates in Ecuador are low.//
Methods: A qualitative methodology following social constructionist approaches was applied to explore the breastfeeding experiences of Ecuadorian women who are both mothers and healthcare professionals. Using snowball sampling, 60 healthcare professionals who breastfed their babies: 20 nurses, 20 physicians, and 20 nutritionists, took part in research interviews lasting between 30 and 92 minutes. All participants are currently offering telehealth or face-to-face consultation to their patients in Ecuador. Since Ecuador is a multicultural country, efforts were made to include participants from different regions of the country. Data gathering employed virtual semi-structured interviews including Photovoice. The interviews were carried out in Spanish, following a semi-structured topic guide. The data analysis employed constant comparative methods.//
Results: The analysis produced three overarching themes: Integrating breastfeeding in life and work; Establishing space for breastfeeding at work; Negotiations and tensions. The first theme: Integrating breastfeeding in life and work addresses participants' corporeal and emotional experiences when breastfeeding. This theme also includes the participants' experiences of how they integrated their maternal identity and adapted their breastfeeding bodies to their daily routines. The second theme: Establishing space for breastfeeding at work includes the challenges that some women encounter when incorporating and seeking to combine breastfeeding in their professional identities. The third theme: Negotiations and tensions covers how this group of female healthcare professionals had to negotiate the time and space to continue breastfeeding their children while working
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Venezuelans during the 2020 epidemic:An online cross-sectional survey
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 threatens health systems worldwide, but Venezuela's system is particularly vulnerable. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, individuals must adopt preventive behaviors. However, to encourage behavior change, we must first understand current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) that inform response to this health threat. METHODS: We explored KAPs among Venezuelans using a cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire. The questionnaire explored individuals' knowledge about COVID-19; their attitudes toward the world's and the Venezuelan authorities' abilities to control it; and their self-reported practices. We also collected demographic data. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to predict the adoption of preventive behaviors based on demographic variables, individual knowledge level, and individual attitudes. RESULTS: 3122 individuals completed the questionnaire. Participants had a high level of knowledge about COVID-19. They expressed high levels of optimism that the world would eventually control COVID-19, but they were very pessimistic about the public authorities in Venezuela. Most participants adopted preventive practices. Binomial regression suggests younger people, less educated people, and manual laborers hold lower levels of knowledge, and these groups, as well as men, were less likely to adopt preventive practices. Knowledge, by itself, had no association with optimism and little association with self-reported practices. CONCLUSIONS: As other KAP studies in Latin America found, knowledge is not sufficient to prompt behavior change. Venezuelans' pessimism about their own country's ability should be explored in greater depth. Health promotion in Venezuela may wish to target the most at risk groups: men, younger people, less educated people, and manual laborers
The geometry of nonlinear least squares with applications to sloppy models and optimization
Parameter estimation by nonlinear least squares minimization is a common
problem with an elegant geometric interpretation: the possible parameter values
of a model induce a manifold in the space of data predictions. The minimization
problem is then to find the point on the manifold closest to the data. We show
that the model manifolds of a large class of models, known as sloppy models,
have many universal features; they are characterized by a geometric series of
widths, extrinsic curvatures, and parameter-effects curvatures. A number of
common difficulties in optimizing least squares problems are due to this common
structure. First, algorithms tend to run into the boundaries of the model
manifold, causing parameters to diverge or become unphysical. We introduce the
model graph as an extension of the model manifold to remedy this problem. We
argue that appropriate priors can remove the boundaries and improve convergence
rates. We show that typical fits will have many evaporated parameters. Second,
bare model parameters are usually ill-suited to describing model behavior; cost
contours in parameter space tend to form hierarchies of plateaus and canyons.
Geometrically, we understand this inconvenient parametrization as an extremely
skewed coordinate basis and show that it induces a large parameter-effects
curvature on the manifold. Using coordinates based on geodesic motion, these
narrow canyons are transformed in many cases into a single quadratic, isotropic
basin. We interpret the modified Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt fitting
algorithms as an Euler approximation to geodesic motion in these natural
coordinates on the model manifold and the model graph respectively. By adding a
geodesic acceleration adjustment to these algorithms, we alleviate the
difficulties from parameter-effects curvature, improving both efficiency and
success rates at finding good fits.Comment: 40 pages, 29 Figure
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Three Latin American Countries:Reasons Given for Not Becoming Vaccinated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
Although vaccines have been developed to prevent COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy is a significant barrier for vaccination programs. Most research on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has blamed misinformation and misstated concerns about effectiveness, safety, and side effects of these vaccines. The preponderance of these studies has been performed in the Global North. Although Latin American has been substantially and negatively impacted by COVID-19, few studies have examined COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy there. We explored reasons volunteered for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy from a sample of 1,173 Colombians, Ecuadorians, and Venezuelans. Overall, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in these three countries is higher than desirable, but most people who are COVID-19 vaccine hesitant offered one reason or fewer. The reasons offered are diverse, including myths and exaggerations, but also individual-level contraindications for vaccination and structural barriers. Because of the diversity of reasons, single-issue mass campaigns are unlikely to bring about large shifts in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Our data suggest that interpersonal communication, particularly in Ecuador, and addressing structural concerns, particularly in Venezuela, are likely to have the greatest impact on vaccine uptake
Metallocene catalysts for the ring-opening co-polymerisation of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides
The ring-opening co-polymerisation (ROCOP) of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides is a versatile route to new polyesters. The vast number of monomers that are readily available means that an effectively limitless number of unique polymeric materials can be prepared using a common synthetic route, thereby paving the way to polymers that are more recyclable and could be used in applications that currently lie exclusively within the remit of polyolefins. Metallocene complexes [Cp2MCl2] (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Cp = η5-C5H5) are known to be excellent pre-catalysts for olefin polymerisation and yet have not been reported for ROCOP, despite their supreme pedigree in the polymerisation realm. Herein, we report the first application of [Cp2MCl2] as catalysts for the ROCOP of epoxides and anhydrides and show that they are effective catalysts for this reaction. The catalytic performances are good with standard epoxides such as cyclohexene oxide but are excellent with more challenging sterically demanding limonene oxide, and this therefore represents a highly effective catalyst system for the preparation of bio-derived recyclable polymers
Contrasting sensitivity of lake sediment n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanes to basin-scale vegetation and regional-scale precipitation ÎŽ2H in the Adirondack Mountains, NY (USA)
The hydrogen isotope values of plant waxes (ÎŽ2Hwax) primarily reflect plant source water. ÎŽ2Hwax preserved in lake sediments has therefore been widely used to investigate past hydroclimate. The processes by which plant waxes are integrated at regional and catchment scales are poorly understood and may affect the ÎŽ2Hwax values recorded in sediments. Here, we assess the variability of sedimentary ÎŽ2Hwax for two plant wax compound classes (n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids) across 12 lakes in the Adirondack Mountains that receive similar regional precipitation ÎŽ2H but vary at the catchment-scale in terms of vegetation structure and basin morphology. Total long-chain (n-C27 to n-C35) alkane concentrations were similar across all sites (191âŻÂ±âŻ53âŻÂ”g/g TOC) while total long-chain (n-C28 and n-C30) alkanoic acid concentrations were more variable (117âŻÂ±âŻ116âŻÂ”g/g TOC) and may reflect shoreline vegetation composition. Lakes with shorelines dominated by evergreen gymnosperm plants had significantly higher concentrations of long-chain n-alkanoic acids relative to n-alkanes, consistent with our observations that deciduous angiosperms produced more long-chain n-alkanes than evergreen gymnosperms (471 and 33âŻÂ”g/g TOC, respectively). In sediments, the most abundant chain lengths in each compound class were n-C29 alkane and n-C28 alkanoic acid, which had mean ÎŽ2H values of â188âŻÂ±âŻ6â° and â164âŻÂ±âŻ9â°, respectively. Across sites, the range in sedimentary n-C29 alkane (22â°) and n-C28 alkanoic acid ÎŽ2H (35â°) was larger than expected based on the total range in modeled mean annual precipitation ÎŽ2H (4â°). We observed larger mean Δapp (based on absolute values) for n-alkanes (â123â°) than for n-alkanoic acids (â97â°). Across sites, the ÎŽ2H offset between n-C29 alkane and the biosynthetic precursor n-C30 alkanoic acid (ΔC29-C30) ranged from â8 to â58â°, which was more variable than expected based on observations in temperate trees (â20 to â30â°). Sediments with greater aquatic organic matter contributions (lower C/N ratios) had significantly larger (absolute) ΔC29-C30 values, which may reflect long-chain n-alkanoic acids from aquatic sources. Concentration and ÎŽ2Hwax data in Adirondack lakes suggest that long-chain n-alkanes are more sensitive to regional-scale precipitation signals, while n-alkanoic acids are more sensitive to basin-scale differences in catchment vegetation and wax sourcing
Unveiling the post-pandemic hybrid education: Students' and professors' perspectives on the contingent virtual education modality
Se realiza un diseño mixto paralelo-convergente para evaluar el impacto de la âpedagogĂa pandĂ©micaâ en profesores y estudiantes. Mediante encuestas en lĂnea y entrevistas en profundidad se identifica que la mayorĂa de los educadores informan una competencia media a alta en tecnologĂa, organizaciĂłn y gestiĂłn de estudiantes, asĂ como estresores relacionados con el impacto de la educaciĂłn virtual en su calidad de vida. Los estudiantes experimentan fatiga fĂsica, aburrimiento, agotamiento y pasividad. Las entrevistas revelan las aspiraciones de los educadores para abordar estos desafĂos, asegurar un mejor apoyo administrativo y fortalecer la gestiĂłn pedagĂłgica. La pedagogĂa pandĂ©mica muestra retos para el aprendizaje y oportunidades de cambios transformadores para la educaciĂłn en enfermerĂa.This study used a mixed parallel-convergent typology design to assess the impact of âpandemic pedagogiesâ on professors and students. Online surveys and in-depth interviews Survey findings showed that most educators reported medium to high competence in technology, organizational and student management, alongside stressors related to virtual education's impact on their quality of life. Similarly, students experienced physical fatigue, boredom, exhaustion, and passivity. Interviews revealed educators' aspirations to address these challenges, secure enhanced administrative support, and strengthen pedagogical management. Pandemic pedagogies revealed learning challenges and opportunities for transformative changes in nursing education across all levels
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