Classes e pedagogia: visível e invisível.

Neste texto Bernstein discute o significado da tendência predominante na educação pré-escolar, que ele denomina de "pedagogia invisível". Examinando suas características e pressupostos ele identifica esta tendência com os valores e hábitos da "nova classe média" dos países capitalistas avançados, discutindo as conseqüências da adoção desta pedagogia para crianças de diferentes camadas sociais, nos vários níveis escolares

Ordering-Based Causal Structure Learning in the Presence of Latent Variables

We consider the task of learning a causal graph in the presence of latent confounders given i.i.d.samples from the model. While current algorithms for causal structure discovery in the presence of latent confounders are constraint-based, we here propose a hybrid approach. We prove that under assumptions weaker than faithfulness, any sparsest independence map (IMAP) of the distribution belongs to the Markov equivalence class of the true model. This motivates the Sparsest Poset formulation - that posets can be mapped to minimal IMAPs of the true model such that the sparsest of these IMAPs is Markov equivalent to the true model. Motivated by this result, we propose a greedy algorithm over the space of posets for causal structure discovery in the presence of latent confounders and compare its performance to the current state-of-the-art algorithms FCI and FCI+ on synthetic data.National Science Foundation (U.S.). Math-ematical Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (DMS-1802902)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMS-1651995)United States. Office of Naval Research (Grants N00014-17-1-2147 and N00014-18-1-2765