Effect of Chronic Toxicity Studies of Sappan Wood Extract on The Kupffer Cells Number in Rats (Rattus novergicus)

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a plant used by the community to mix drinking. The antioxidant index of Sappan wood extract has a higher value than commercial antioxidants to counteract oxidative free radicals and improve the body's defense system. The use of Sappan wood drinking in society is often used in daily so it is necessary to do a chronic toxicity test to observe the response to prolonged use of the system in the body. Kupffer cells are an important part of the innate immune system, acting as “scavengers” and phagocytes. A study that aims to see the chronic toxicity studies of the ethanolic extract of Sappan wood on the number of Kuffer cells in the liver has been carried out on 60 Wistar rats divided into 12 groups. The group was the negative control group, doses 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW of extract Sappan wood which were divided into male and female groups. Each group was given ethanol extract of Sappan wood for one year orally. The results showed a significant increase in Kupffer cells in the female group at a dose of 100 mg/kgBW and the male group at 200 mg/kgBW with significant values, respectively, p<0.001 p = 0.004

Anti-migration Effect of Aaptos suberitoides Fraction in HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line

Background: Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of mortality and the most prevalent cancer worldwide. Most patients, who come with late-stage, have ineffective treatments and some side effects in chemotherapy. Aaptos suberitoides has potential anti-cancer effects due to its bioactive compounds such as aptamine. This study aimed to evaluate the migration inhibition effect of Aaptos suberitoides fraction in HCT-116 cell line.Methods: This study was an experimental study. Aaptos suberitoides specimen was taken in Tinjil Island and fractionated with ethyl acetate. HCT-116 cell line was added with Aaptos suberitoides fraction and cellular migration activity was observed in 48 hours of which the scratch assay was performed. The gap closure area was determined with ImageJ software.Results: The data showed that a low concentration of Aaptos suberitoides fraction inhibited migration activity in HCT-116 cell line as follow; 1 and 5 mg/L Aaptos suberitoides fraction inhibit 3-4 % cancer cell migration in 24 hours, and 10-11% inhibition in 48 hours, respectively. However, 10 mg/L fraction concentration only inhibited 7-14% of the migration effect.Conclusion: Aaptos suberitoides fraction suggests insignificant migration inhibition in colorectal cancer cells and only inhibits less than 15 % HCT-116 cell line

Snakebites and the Effect of Serum Anti Bisa Ular (SABU) Antivenom at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia: an Overview Period 2015–2019

Background: Snakebite is considered a global health issue, especially in the Southeast Asian region. However, data regarding snakebite cases in Indonesia are still very limited. This study aimed to explore the venomous snakebite cases and the serum anti bisa ular (SABU) antivenom effect in treating venomous snakebite caused by other than the snake species indicated in currently available SABU antivenom formulas.Methods: The analytical descriptive method with a cross-sectional study design was conducted in 2021 using a total sampling from the medical records of 63 patients diagnosed with snakebite at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from 2015 to 2019. Characteristics of patients, clinical manifestation, and correlation between snakes species and outcomes after treatment with or without administration of SABU antivenom were collected.Results: Out of 63 patients, males (79%) were predominant with an average age of 39 years. Fifty-six patients arrived at the Emergency Room less than 24 hours after the occurrence (89%). Most cases were categorized as grade 2 (41.%) where the upper extremities were commonly bitten the body area (64%). Edema (83%) was the most common manifestation. There was no correlation between snake antivenom administered to a specific snake species and the stated outcome (p=0.053), meaning that SABU antivenom might be an effective alternative to treat more types of snakebites.Conclusions: Snakebites are most common in males, attack the upper extremities, categorized as grade 2 with edema. Administration of SABU antivenom provides the similar outcome compared to the group caused by the Javan spitting cobra, Banded krait, and Malayan pit viper

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of COVID-19 Survivors After Hospitalization

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes various clinical manifestations during acute infection and at the post-acute phase with persistent symptoms called long COVID. It occurs in mild and moderate to severe cases which require hospitalization. In patients needing hospitalization, especially intensive care unit admission, the risk of long COVID increases. Many hospitalized patients exhibited more symptoms in 60 days after the illness than non-hospitalized patients. This review aimed to identify the clinical and functional outcomes in COVID-19 survivors after hospitalization. The articles in the PubMed database published in 2019-2021 were reviewed and found 20 be eligible. The clinical outcomes were the appearance or persistence of general and multi-organ symptoms, nutritional disorders, and decreased lung function. The functional outcomes found were decreased muscle strength, physical, psychological, and cognitive functions, increased disability and dependencies, as well as decreased vocational status and quality of life. The incidence of each outcome could not be determined due to the variety of methods used to examine and present outcomes. To conclude, COVID-19 causes long-term clinical and functional outcomes that need to be identified to prevent and manage long-term physical and functional disorders

Generating Paclitaxel-Resistant in Cervical Cancer HeLa Cell Line

Cervical cancer is one of the most leading causes of women death. Currently, paclitaxel is still one of the main therapeutic regimens for cervical cancer patients. However, some patients developed to be paclitaxel-resistant. Hence, studies to find out the novel strategies to resolve this problem are important. Generating resistant cancer cell lines can be utilized as the potent tool to evaluate the efficacy of any therapeutic agent toward cancer drug-resistant problems. Current studies describing the methods to establish chemoresistance are lacking. Moreover, study in Indonesia conducting chemoresistance in cell line is limited. This study was aimed to elaborate the characteristics of HeLa cells during generation of paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer cells. The parental HeLa cells were exposed to an escalating concentration of paclitaxel for a long time period. Subsequently, cells were divided into two groups for the evaluation of resistance characteristics. The values of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) and inhibitory concentration 90 (IC90) were analyzed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Our data showed that the longer exposing periods of paclitaxel, the higher IC50 and IC90 values of HeLa cells are. IC90 of paclitaxel in HeLa Pac RB was increased from 69 pM, 440 pM, 2,561 pM and 10,337 pM on 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th months, respectively. Interestingly, the resistant cells were recovered to be paclitaxel-sensitive when they were not being continuously exposed to paclitaxel. In addition, the paclitaxel resistant cells become less sensitive against 5-FU but not doxorubicin, cisplatin and etoposide. We were able to generate cervical cancer HeLa paclitaxel-resistant cell line. These cell line could potentially be utilized for further studies in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in cervical cancer and as a tool for cancer drug discovery.Keywords: cervical cancer, drug resistant cell line, paclitaxel resistant cells, stepwise escalating concentration

Ethanol Extract of Stylissa carteri Induces Cell Death in Parental and Paclitaxel-Resistant Cervical Cancer Cells

Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract from marine sponge Stylissa carteri in both parental and paclitaxel-resistant HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: This was an experimental in-vitro study subjected ethanol extract from Stylissa carteri obtained from Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Jakarta. Both parental and paclitaxel-resistant HeLa cells were treated with ethanol extract followed by microscopic observation and MTT assay. The IC50 and drug curves were analyzed using four-parametric logistic regression by SigmaPlot for Windows version 12.0 from Systat Software Inc., USA.Results: Ethanol extract from Stylissa carteri triggered cell death-associated morphological changes in parental Hela cells. It demonstrated cytotoxic activities with an IC50 value of 1 ppm. Importantly, this extract also triggered cell death in paclitaxel-resistant HeLa cells. The IC50 of ethanol extract of Stylissa carteri was 4 ppm in paclitaxel-resistant HeLa cells.Conclusions: There is a potential cytotoxic activity of Stylissa carteri that is not only confirmed in parental HeLa cells but also in paclitaxel-resistant HeLa cells.Keywords: Cervical cancer, paclitaxel resistance, HeLa cells, cytotoxicity assay, Stylissa carteri DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v6n2.137

The role of chidamide in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: An updated systematic review

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) is a lymphoid malignancy derived from B-cells that remains difficult to treat. Moreover, relapses and refractory cases are common. Abnormalities in epigenetic mechanisms, such as imbalanced histone acetylation affecting certain genes, contribute to relapses and refractory cases. Chidamide (tucidinostat) is a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor that can reverse this epigenetic imbalance and has been approved for the treatment of T-cell malignancies. However, the use of chidamide for B-NHL remains limited, and the lack of relevant literature exacerbates this limitation. We conducted this review to summarize the anticancer activity of chidamide against B-NHL and its clinical applications to overcome drug resistance. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using some keyword combinations from MEDLINE and EBSCO. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were also defined. Of the 131 records retrieved from databases, 16 were included in the review. Nine articles revealed that chidamide limited tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment, stopping the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and enhancing complement-dependent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicities.According to seven other studies, administering chidamide in combination with another existing therapeutic regimen may benefit not only patients with relapsed/refractory B-NHL, but also those with newly diagnosed B-NHL. Chidamide plays many important roles in limiting B-NHL progression through epigenetic modifications. Thus, combining chidamide with other anticancer drugs may be more beneficial for patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory B-NHL

THE N-HEXANE FRACTION OF MYRMECODIA PENDANS INHIBITS CELL SURVIVAL AND PROLIFERATION IN COLON CANCER CELL LINE

Objective: Despite advanced treatment options available for colorectal cancer, many reported resistance and unresponsiveness to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, it is urgent to discover a novel drug for colon cancer. Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendans), an Indonesian native plant, has been studied extensively due to its anti-cancer profiles. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-tumour activity of Sarang Semut in colon cancer cells.Methods: We evaluated cytotoxic activity of methanol extract as well as n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction towards colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells) utilizing 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The most potent fraction was evaluated further in inhibiting cell survival using MTT assay and cell proliferation using trypan blue exclusion assay as well as a clonogenic assay.Results: Our data showed that the n-hexane fraction of Sarang Semut induces more cell death than the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, we analyzed the n-hexane fraction further and found that the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of the n-hexane fraction was 24 and 30 parts per million (ppm) for Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells, respectively. Moreover, it inhibited cell growth as well as cell colony formation, in particular, shown by the plating efficiency (P<0.05) and colony area per seed (P<0.01) of the control group were different to the treatment group.Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Sarang Semut demonstrates a high potential antitumor activity in colon cancer cell line

Upaya Meningkatkan Deteksi Dini Kanker Payudara di SMKN 1 Cijulang Kabupaten Pangandaran

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER IN CIJULANG 1 VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, PANGANDARAN REGENCY. The high mortality rate of breast cancer (BC) patients in Indonesia is associated with conditions of most patients come to doctor in an advanced stage of BC. This is due to the low BC awareness of Indonesian women. This community service program (PPM) is intended to increase knowledge of adolescent women about early detection of BC. This action was conducted by BC awareness workshop to 114 female students of Vocational High School (SMK) 1 Cijulang, Pangandaran district, West Java. The profile of participants showed that 64% of participants are 17 years old and mostly from Cijulang and Cimerak sub-districts. In addition, the majority of participants were not aware of BC, indicated by lack of knowledge of BC signs and symptoms (97%), and low confident of doing breast self-examination (BSE) (30%). Moreover, there were 7% of the participants were smoking which is known to be one of the major risk factors for BC. These findings point out conducting a program for increasing BC awareness among students. The program was managed by mini-lecture that focuses on BC risk factors, BC early detection and BSE (SADARI) using videos and simulation on a mannequin. This program was expected to have an impact on their families, indirectly. Ultimately, this will increase the finding of new cases of BC which will increase their life expectancy

Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 (MCL-1) and Its Correlation with the Prognostic Scoring System in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

The prognostic scoring system is used to assess the prognosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients to get the right treatment strategy. Poor prognosis, treatment resistance, and tumorigenesis have been associated with the overexpression of Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 (MCL-1), an anti-apoptotic protein in several hematologic malignancies, including CML. Research on the correlation between MCL-1 levels and the scoring system prognostic in patients with CML is still limited. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between MCL-1 levels and the prognostic scoring system in chronic phase CML patients. This research was conducted on chronic phase CML patients who came to the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. Data is collected from medical records of patients examined for MCL-1 protein levels from previous studies and results of prognostic scoring systems (Sokal, Hasford, and EUTOS. Data were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between the MCL-1 level and the prognostic scoring system. Forty patients had a male-female ratio of 1.5. The average age is 40±11 years, with an age range of 19 to 61 years. The median MCL-1 protein level was 0.27 (min 0.02-max 4.1). Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between MCL-1 levels and Sokal, Hasford, and EUTOS scores in chronic phase CML patients (p=0.285; p=0.923 and p=0.663, respectively)