Hidden Voices: Disabled Women's Experiences of Violence and Support Over the Life Course

Violence against women is a worldwide social and human rights problem that cuts across cultural, geographic, religious, social, and economic boundaries. It affects women in countries around the world, regardless of class, religion, disability, age, or sexual identity. International evidence shows that approximately three in five women experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. However, across the globe, women and girls with impairments or life-limiting illnesses are more susceptible to different forms of violence across a range of environments and by different perpetrators including professionals and family members as well as partners. However, they are likely to be seriously disadvantaged in gaining information and support to escape the abusive relationships. This article stems from the United Kingdom part of a comparative study with three other countries (Austria, Germany, and Iceland) funded by the European Commission (EC; 2013-2015). It presents preliminary findings, generated from life history interviews, about disabled women's experiences of violence and access to support (both formal and informal) over their life course and their aspirations for the prevention of violence in the future. The article includes examples of impairment-specific violence that non-disabled women do not experience. By bringing the voices of disabled women into the public domain, the article will facilitate a historically marginalized group to contribute to the debate about disability, violence, and support

All change 2000 The report

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Relating structural and thermodynamic effects of the Pb(II) lone pair: a new picolinate ligand designed to accommodate the Pb(II) lone pair leads to high stability and selectivity

The crystal and molecular structure and the stability of lead and calcium complexes of two chelates containing picolinate chelating groups in different geometries have been investigated in order to relate the ligand affinity and selectivity for lead over calcium with the ability of the ligand to accommodate a stereochemically active lone pair. The crystal structures of the lead complexes of the diprotonated and monoprotonated tripodal ligand tpaa2- show that the three picolinate arms of the tripodal ligand coordinate the lead in an asymmetric way leaving a gap in the coordination sphere to accommodate the lead lone pair. As a consequence of this binding mode, one picolinate arm is very weakly bound and therefore can be expected to contribute very little to the complex stability. Conversely, the geometry of the dipodal ligand H2dpaea is designed to accommodate the lead lone pair; in the structure of the [Pb(dpaea)] complex the donor atoms of the ligand occupy only a quarter of the coordination sphere, reducing the sterical interaction between the lead lone pair with respect to the H3tpaa complexes. As a result, in the lead structures of H2dpaea all the ligand donor atoms are strongly bound to the metal ion leading to increased stability. The high value of the formation constant measured for the lead complex of the dipodal dpaea2- (log β11(Pb) = 12.1(3)) compared to the lower value found for the one of the tripodal tpaa3- (log β11(Pb) = 10.0(1)) provides direct evidence of the influence of the stereochemically active lead lone pair on complex stability. As a result, since the ligand geometry has little effect on the stability of the calcium complex, a remarkable increase in the Pb/Ca selectivity is observed for dpaea-(106.6) compared to tpaa3- (101.5), making the dipodal ligand a good candidate for application as extracting agent for the lead removal from contaminated water

A remarkable isostructural homologous series of mixed lithium-heavier alkali metal tert-butoxides [(t-BuO)(8)Li4M4] (M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)

Three new mixed lithium-heavier alkali metal tert-butoxides [(t-BuO)(8)Li4M4] (M = Na, Rb, Cs) are reported which, added to the previously discovered potassium analogue [(t-BuO)(8)Li4K(4)], complete the homologous series. Remarkably, X-ray crystallographic studies reveal that all four heterometallic compounds adopt a common structure. This sixteen-vertex O8Li4M4 "breastplate" motif is built around novel (M+)(4) planes (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs), both bees of which support chelating (O4Li2)(2-) dianions. Each such dianion is positioned approximately normal with respect to the other. Bonding within the breastplate structure involves a combination of mu (3)-Li. mu (4)-M, mu (3)-O, and mu (4)-O centers. Ab initio MO calculations on model systems predict that formation of the heterometallic breastplate from the exclusively mu (3)-bonded frameworks of its component homometallic structures is a favorable exothermic process. Best regarded as an inherently stable contacted triple ion sandwich comprising a dianion-tetramonocation-dianion arrangement, the breastplate motif is likely to be more widely applicable within heterometallic structural chemistry than so far recognized. This point is discussed with reference to a previously documented series of heterometallic p-block metal-based imide structures of general formula [(CyN)(8)(M4M42)-M-1], where M-1 = Sb or As and M-2 = Ag, Cu, or Na