Hazard ratios (95%CI) of specific CVD by MDS category and by two unit increment in MDS, The EPIC-NL Study.

a<p>Model 1: analyses adjusted for age, sex and cohort;</p>b<p>Model 2: model 1+ smoking, physical activity, energy intake and educational level.</p>c<p>Composite of fatal CVD, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke.</p><p>CVD = cardiovascular diseases, MI = myocardial infarction, AP = angina pectoris, TIA = transient ischemic attack, PAD = peripheral arterial disease, PE = pulmonary embolism.</p

Hazard ratios (95%CI) associated with two unit increment in MDS and after alternate exclusion of each of its components.^a,b

a<p>Originally estimated logarithms of hazard ratios were multiplied by 9/10 and then exponentiated to correct for nine point scale.</p>b<p>Hazard ratio (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex, cohort, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, educational level, and excluded component.</p><p>CVD = cardiovascular diseases, MI = myocardial infarction, PE = pulmonary embolism.</p

Baseline Characteristics ^a of 4,516 Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Type of Medication Use.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.</p>a<p>Means (SE) or percentages are shown;</p>b<p>Mean differences in HbA_1c values are given compared with metformin monotherapy.</p

Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Associations Between a 1% -Increase in HbA_1c and Total Mortality, Stratified for Several Diabetes-Related Variables, and Cause-Specific Mortality in 4,345 Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; OHA, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents; HR, Hazard Ratio.</p>a<p>Age- and center-stratified and adjusted for sex, physical activity, smoking status, educational attainment, body mass index, systolic blood pressure and for diabetes medication use, co-morbidities or disease duration when these were not stratified for.</p>b<p><i>P</i> value 0.04 for difference in risk estimate derived from competing risk model versus cancer mortality.</p

Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of Associations between HbA_1c, Diabetes Medication use, Disease Duration and Total Mortality in Individuals with Diabetes.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, Hazard Ratio; OHA, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents; PY, person-years.</p>a<p>Model 1: Age- and center-stratified and adjusted for sex, co-morbidities, physical activity, smoking status, educational attainment, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure;</p>b<p>Model 2: Model 1 additionally adjusted for disease duration, diabetes medication use, or HbA_1c and storage time when adequate.</p

Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Death according to Glycated Hemoglobin (%) Measured in Stored Erythrocytes among 4,345 Individuals with Diabetes.

<p>Solid lines indicate hazard ratios and dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals derived from restricted cubic spline regression, with knots placed at the 5^th, 10^th, 25^th, 75^th, 90^th, and 95^th percentiles of the distribution, using the 50^th percentile as a reference. Age- and study center-stratified models were adjusted for sex, storage time, disease duration, diabetes medication use, co-morbidities, physical activity, smoking status, educational attainment, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure. P value for nonlinearity derived from a Wald Chi-square test was P=0.15.</p

Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer risk by milk subtype by fat content consumption categories.

†<p>Basic model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p>‡<p>Multivariable model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (continuous), physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or missing), smoking status and intensity (never; current, 1–15 cigarettes per day; current, 16–25 cigarettes per day; current, 16+ cigarettes per day; former, quit ≤10 years; former, quit 11–20 years; former, quit 20+ years; current, pipe/cigar/occasional; current/former, missing; unknown), education status (none, primary school completed, technical/professional school, secondary school, longer education including university, or not specified), ever use of contraceptive pill (yes, no, or unknown), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (yes, no, or unknown), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, perimenopausal/unknown menopausal status, or surgical postmenopausal), alcohol consumption (yes or no; and continuous) and intakes of red and processed meat and fibre (both continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p><p>φ Excluding Norway.</p>¶<p>Excluding Norway, Germany, and Greece.</p>§<p>Excluding Norway, Germany, Greece, Florence (Italy), Varese (Italy), and Turin (Italy).</p>*<p>Total number of colorectal cancer cases across intake categories.</p

Descriptive information of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition participant countries.

*<p>Data are median intake information collected from 24-hour dietary recalls (n = 34,426 participants).</p

Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer risk by dietary calcium intake categories.

†<p>Basic model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p>‡<p>Multivariable model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (continuous), physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or missing), smoking status and intensity (never; current, 1–15 cigarettes per day; current, 16–25 cigarettes per day; current, 16+ cigarettes per day; former, quit ≤10 years; former, quit 11–20 years; former, quit 20+ years; current, pipe/cigar/occasional; current/former, missing; unknown), education status (none, primary school completed, technical/professional school, secondary school, longer education including university, or not specified), ever use of contraceptive pill (yes, no, or unknown), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (yes, no, or unknown), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, perimenopausal/unknown menopausal status, or surgical postmenopausal), alcohol consumption (yes or no; and continuous) and intakes of red and processed meat, fibre, and mutual adjustment for other dietary calcium source (all continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p>*<p>Total number of colorectal cancer cases across intake categories.</p

Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer risk by dairy product consumption categories.

†<p>Basic model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p>‡<p>Multivariable model – Cox regression using total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (continuous), physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or missing), smoking status and intensity (never; current, 1–15 cigarettes per day; current, 16–25 cigarettes per day; current, 16+ cigarettes per day; former, quit ≤10 years; former, quit 11–20 years; former, quit 20+ years; current, pipe/cigar/occasional; current/former, missing; unknown), education status (none, primary school completed, technical/professional school, secondary school, longer education including university, or not specified), ever use of contraceptive pill (yes, no, or unknown), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (yes, no, or unknown), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, perimenopausal/unknown menopausal status, or surgical postmenopausal), alcohol consumption (yes or no; and continuous) and intakes of red and processed meat and fibre (both continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre.</p>*<p>Total number of colorectal cancer cases across intake categories.</p