1,116 research outputs found
Hydrodynamic singularities and clustering in a freely cooling inelastic gas
We employ hydrodynamic equations to follow the clustering instability of a
freely cooling dilute gas of inelastically colliding spheres into a
well-developed nonlinear regime. We simplify the problem by dealing with a
one-dimensional coarse-grained flow. We observe that at a late stage of the
instability the shear stress becomes negligibly small, and the gas flows solely
by inertia. As a result the flow formally develops a finite time singularity,
as the velocity gradient and the gas density diverge at some location. We argue
that flow by inertia represents a generic intermediate asymptotic of unstable
free cooling of dilute inelastic gases.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Close-packed floating clusters: granular hydrodynamics beyond the freezing point?
Monodisperse granular flows often develop regions with hexagonal close
packing of particles. We investigate this effect in a system of inelastic hard
spheres driven from below by a "thermal" plate. Molecular dynamics simulations
show, in a wide range of parameters, a close-packed cluster supported by a
low-density region. Surprisingly, the steady-state density profile, including
the close-packed cluster part, is well described by a variant of Navier-Stokes
granular hydrodynamics (NSGH). We suggest a simple explanation for the success
of NSGH beyond the freezing point.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev. Let
Reproductive Genetic Testing: Issues and Options for Policymakers
Reproductive genetic testing offers prospective parents information about their risk of having a child with a genetic disease or characteristic. This information can be used to help prospective parents make reproductive decisions both before and during a pregnancy. Before pregnancy, prospective parents who know they have a risk of bearing a child with a genetic disease may choose to avoid pregnancy; use donated eggs, sperm or embryos; adopt, use in vitro fertilization followed by preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select those embryos free of a particular genetic mutation or pursue pregnancy better informed and prepared for the possibility of bearing an affected child. After pregnancy has begun, genetic testing can provide reassurance if tests are negative. Positive prenatal genetic test results can give parents time to prepare for the birth of a child with a particular disorder, or be used as the basis for a decision to terminate the pregnancy.
Reproductive genetic testing raises a variety of concerns. Some care most that the tests are accurate and reliable. Yet, unlike drugs and medical devices, genetic tests - including those to test embryos and fetuses - are not required to meet standards of accuracy and reliability before they are marketed. Some agencies within the federal government regulate certain limited aspects of genetic testing, but there are gaps in the regulatory process.
A genetic test can only identify the presence of a particular mutation or characteristics. It cannot ascribe social significance to that finding. Some worry about the potential uses of genetic tests. For example, they fear a world in which parents choose their child's height, eye color, intelligence level or other non-health-related trait. While these possibilities are all hypothetical, it is currently possible to choose the sex of one's child, and some believe this use of testing is inappropriate. Some also fear that as testing becomes increasingly available, people will face increased pressure to test, both to have the "very best baby" possible and to avoid the birth of an "unhealthy" child. Some people feel there should be limits on reproductive genetic testing. But what should those limits be? Who should set them? These questions raise ethical, social and legal issues that cannot be resolved by science and technology alone. Finally, concerns have been raised that access to genetic tests is not equitable, and that tests are not being delivered at the right time and with the appropriate context and counseling.
To help inform public discussion and facilitate policymaking around these issues, the Genetics and Public Policy Center - funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts - has produced a report, Reproductive Genetic Testing: Issues and Options for Policymakers. This report presents a range of policy options that address genetic testing; it is supported by expert analysis that considers the potential effects, positive and negative, of a variety of different policy directions. The report develops policy options around four key areas of concern: (1) use of tests, (2) safety and accuracy, (3) access and (4) delivery.
The options present a range of possible roles that federal and state governments and private entities could play in overseeing the development and use of these technologies, and describe the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The options were developed by the Center through expert analysis and consultation with a variety of experts representing a wide range of political and religious viewpoints; the options were also informed by the results of the Center's extensive public opinion research.
A companion report, Reproductive Genetic Testing: What America Thinks, reveals opinions about how regulation should be implemented and who should control regulation, ranging from no regulation at all to government regulation of both the safety and ethics surrounding the use of these tests
Theory of the vortex matter transformations in high Tc superconductor YBCO
Flux line lattice in type II superconductors undergoes a transition into a
"disordered" phase like vortex liquid or vortex glass, due to thermal
fluctuations and random quenched disorder. We quantitatively describe the
competition between the thermal fluctuations and the disorder using the
Ginzburg -- Landau approach. The following T-H phase diagram of YBCO emerges.
There are just two distinct thermodynamical phases, the homogeneous and the
crystalline one, separated by a single first order transitions line. The line
however makes a wiggle near the experimentally claimed critical point at 12T.
The "critical point" is reinterpreted as a (noncritical) Kauzmann point in
which the latent heat vanishes and the line is parallel to the T axis. The
magnetization, the entropy and the specific heat discontinuities at melting
compare well with experiments.Comment: 4 pages 3 figure
First principles theory of fluctuations in vortex liquids and solids
Consistent perturbation theory for thermodynamical quantities in type II
superconductors in magnetic field at low temperatures is developed. It is
complementary to the existing expansion valid at high temperatures.
Magnetization and specific heat are calculated to two loop order and compare
well to existing Monte Carlo simulations and experiments.Comment: 3 .ps fig. In press Phys. Rev.
The puzzle of 90 degree reorientation in the vortex lattice of borocarbide superconductors
We explain 90 degree reorientation in the vortex lattice of borocarbide
superconductors on the basis of a phenomenological extension of the nonlocal
London model that takes full account of the symmetry of the system. We propose
microscopic mechanisms that could generate the correction terms and point out
the important role of the superconducting gap anisotropy.Comment: 4 pages, 2 eps figure
Isotropic Transverse XY Chain with Energy- and Magnetization Currents
The ground-state correlations are investigated for an isotropic transverse XY
chain which is constrained to carry either a current of magnetization J_M or a
current of energy J_E. We find that the effect of nonzero J_M on the
large-distance decay of correlations is twofold: i) oscillations are introduced
and ii) the amplitude of the power law decay increases with increasing current.
The effect of energy current is more complex. Generically, correlations in
current carrying states are found to decay faster than in the J_E=0 states,
contrary to expectations that correlations are increased by the presence of
currents. However, increasing the current, one reaches a special line where the
correlations become comparable to those of the J_E=0 states. On this line, the
symmetry of the ground state is enhanced and the transverse magnetization
vanishes. Further increase of the current destroys the extra symmetry but the
transverse magnetization remains at the high-symmetry, zero value.Comment: 7 pages, RevTex, 4 PostScript figure
Thermal fluctuations and disorder effects in vortex lattices
We calculate using loop expansion the effect of fluctuations on the structure
function and magnetization of the vortex lattice and compare it with existing
MC results. In addition to renormalization of the height of the Bragg peaks of
the structure function, there appears a characteristic saddle shape ''halos''
around the peaks. The effect of disorder on magnetization is also calculated.
All the infrared divergencies related to soft shear cancel.Comment: 10 pages, revtex file, one figur
Progress in noncommutative function theory
In this expository paper we describe the study of certain non-self-adjoint
operator algebras, the Hardy algebras, and their representation theory. We view
these algebras as algebras of (operator valued) functions on their spaces of
representations. We will show that these spaces of representations can be
parameterized as unit balls of certain -correspondences and the
functions can be viewed as Schur class operator functions on these balls. We
will provide evidence to show that the elements in these (non commutative)
Hardy algebras behave very much like bounded analytic functions and the study
of these algebras should be viewed as noncommutative function theory
Disorder Induced Transitions in Layered Coulomb Gases and Superconductors
A 3D layered system of charges with logarithmic interaction parallel to the
layers and random dipoles is studied via a novel variational method and an
energy rationale which reproduce the known phase diagram for a single layer.
Increasing interlayer coupling leads to successive transitions in which charge
rods correlated in N>1 neighboring layers are nucleated by weaker disorder. For
layered superconductors in the limit of only magnetic interlayer coupling, the
method predicts and locates a disorder-induced defect-unbinding transition in
the flux lattice. While N=1 charges dominate there, N>1 disorder induced defect
rods are predicted for multi-layer superconductors.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, RevTe
- …