Data_Sheet_1_Dynamics of intersexual dominance in a highly dimorphic primate.PDF

Intersexual dominance, which is measured by the probability that members of one sex elicit submission of members of the other sex during agonistic interactions, is often skewed in favor of males. However, even in sexually dimorphic species, several factors may influence intersexual dominance. Here, we use an 8-year dataset to examine the dynamics of intersexual dominance in wild-living mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Mandrills exhibit an extreme male-biased sexual size dimorphism but females show pronounced kin-differentiated social relationships and occasionally form coalitions against males. We established intersexual hierarchies across consecutive 6-month time blocks, representing either mating or birth seasons. Although females appeared to outrank 11% of males, they elicited male submission in only 2% of agonistic interactions against males. This discrepancy is likely due to the temporary residency of most males in the exceptionally large mandrill groups, the sexually coercive male mating strategies and the scarce number of agonistic interactions within most dyads, that may limit hierarchical inferences. In a second step, we found that the intersexual hierarchy mixes the intrasexual ones respecting their respective order. Females outranked mostly young and old males during the mating (vs. birth) season and social integration was positively correlated to dominance status in both sexes. In a third step, we found that females win more conflicts against young or old males which are closer to them in the intersexual hierarchy. These results extend our understanding of female-male dominance relationships by indicating that female mandrills occasionally outrank males who are considerably larger than them, and that a combination of demographic and social factors can influence the intersexual hierarchy.</p

Number of associations observed per day corrected by the number of scans recorded per day.

<p>The solid line represents the trend followed by the distribution over time. The slope of this linear curve was not statistically different from 0, meaning that the distribution of the number of associations corrected by the number of scans did not significantly evolve over time.</p

Representation of the <i>contact network</i>.

<p>Nodes represent individuals, and the size of nodes is related to the individual's betweenness (A) and the individual's eigenvector centrality (B), with bigger nodes corresponding to more central individuals. White nodes correspond to females and dark gray nodes correspond to males. Widths of lines represent the strength of association between two individuals.</p

Network analysis measure definitions.

<p>Network analysis measure definitions.</p

Individual details of degree, eigenvector centrality and betweenness for the <i>contact network</i>.

<p>Individual details of degree, eigenvector centrality and betweenness for the <i>contact network</i>.</p

The cumulative distribution of centrality values for the <i>contact network</i>.

<p>(A) Betweenness values, and (B) eigenvector centrality values. Solid lines represent the power function fitted by the distributions.</p

Non-human primates sampling sites in Gabon.

<p>For each site, the zone code is indicated: IV for Ivindo, LE for Lékédi, LO for Lopé, MI for Mikongo. The circles indicate positive EV samples detected in this study; numbers inside circles indicate the number of positive EV samples. Host species that yielded EVs are indicated in blue for chimpanzee and green for mandrills.</p

Non-human primates sampling sites in Gabon.

<p>For each site, the zone code is indicated: IV for Ivindo, LE for Lékédi, LO for Lopé, MI for Mikongo. The circles indicate positive EV samples detected in this study; numbers inside circles indicate the number of positive EV samples. Host species that yielded EVs are indicated in blue for chimpanzee and green for mandrills.</p

Phylogenetic relationship of EV strains based on approximately 320 nucleotides of the VP1 gene (positions 2,602 to 2,951 according to the poliovirus 1 genome, Genbank # V01149).

<p>Methods and designations are identical to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0169067#pone.0169067.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>.</p

Phylogenetic relationship of EV strains based on approximately 450 nucleotides VP2 sequences (positions 962 to 1,545 according to the poliovirus 1 genome, Genbank # V01149), in the species <i>EV-B</i>, <i>EV-A</i> and <i>EV-J</i>.

<p>The genus tree was constructed using the partial VP2 sequences of representative serotypes of the genus <i>Enterovirus</i> by maximum likelihood method. Sequences obtained in this study are indicated in blue for mandrills and green for chimpanzees. Reference EV sequences of other NHP species are indicated in red. Names of NHP species are indicated (Mac for macaque, Bab for baboon, Cer for cercopothecus), countries are also indicated (BAN, Bangladesh; CHN for China; CIV for Ivory Coast; CMR for Cameroon; FRA for France; JPN for Japan; KOR for South Korea; MEX for Mexico; NLD for Netherland; PHL for Philippines; PUR for Puerto Rico; SLN for Slovenia; USA for United States of America; and SOA for Republic of South Africa). Trees were built using Maximum likelihood algorithm and GTR substitution model. Only bootstrap values ≥ 60% are indicated at the nodes. Scale bars represent the genetic distance. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used are indicated in the tree (for details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0169067#pone.0169067.s005" target="_blank">S4 Table</a>).</p