Main hypotheses and related rationale^*.

*<p>The hypothesized relationships were expected to hold in unadjusted and adjusted analyses.</p

Characteristics of the female heads of households by tertiles of NLD and SoE stigma scores^a.

[a]<p>Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range), with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. Categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability. The 95% confidence intervals include precision estimates that incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering. Tests of association with stigma scale (continuous) include Spearman's rank correlation (continuous) and rank sum test (categorical).</p>[b]<p>‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah's Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, Traditional Religions, and Agnostic or Atheist.</p

Stigma by HIV transmission knowledge, legal rights certitude, empowerment and distance to clinic.

<p>Stigma by HIV transmission knowledge, legal rights certitude, empowerment and distance to clinic.</p

Use of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Method for Monitoring and Evaluation.

<p>Use of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Method for Monitoring and Evaluation.</p

Respondent and Household Characteristics by Multidimensional Poverty Status, <i>Ogumaniha</i> 2010.

a<p>Continuous variables are reported as weighted estimates of median (interquartile range] and categorical variables are reported as weighted percentages, with each observation being weighted by the inverse of the household sampling probability.</p>b<p>‘Other Christian’ includes LDS Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness. ‘Other’ includes Spiritual, Traditional Religions, and Agnostic or Atheist.</p>c<p>Tests of associations (continuous) include Wilcoxon rank sum (continuous) and chi-squared test (categorical).</p>d<p>All percentages in the cross tabulations are row percentages. The final column presents column (overall) percentages.</p><p>*EA = enumeration area.</p><p>**Approximate exchange rate as of October 2013: $1 USD = 30 Meticais.</p><p>***VCT = voluntary counseling and testing (for HIV).</p><p>****ANC = antenatal clinic.</p><p>Respondent and Household Characteristics by Multidimensional Poverty Status, <i>Ogumaniha</i> 2010.</p

Smoothed Heat Map of Three Focus Districts: Morrumbala, Namacurra, and Alto Molócuè.

<p>*<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0108654#pone-0108654-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4a, 4b, and 4c</a> show heat map geographical representations of poverty by adjusted headcount with green being less deprived and red most deprived. (Circled Star represents location of district capital).</p

Ogumaniha Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) adapted from the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).

1<p>Weighted percentages include 95% confidence intervals that incorporate the effects of stratification and clustering due to the sample design.</p><p>Ogumaniha Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) adapted from the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI).</p

Map of Mozambique, Zambézia Province, with Enumeration Areas Highlighted in Three Focus Districts, Namacurra, Morrumbala, and Alto Molócuè.

<p>Map of Mozambique, Zambézia Province, with Enumeration Areas Highlighted in Three Focus Districts, Namacurra, Morrumbala, and Alto Molócuè.</p

Poverty Distribution of Zambézia Province, Districts of Morrumbala, Namacurra, and Alto Molócuè.

<p>Poverty Distribution of Zambézia Province, Districts of Morrumbala, Namacurra, and Alto Molócuè.</p

Decomposition by District and Broken Down by Dimension in the Three Focal Districts, <i>Ogumaniha</i> 2010. Legend:

<p>The adjusted headcount is decomposed by dimension for Morrumbala, Alto Molócuè, Namacurra and all three districts combined. Data that are overlaid include percent of households in the lowest quintile for permanent income wealth and % of households making less than USD$1.25/day. MZN = Metical.</p