2 research outputs found
Dynamic Visualization of Nanoscale Vortex Orbits
Due to the atomic-scale resolution, scanning tunneling microscopy is an ideal technique to observe the smallest objects. Nevertheless, it suffers from very long capturing times in order to investigate dynamic processes at the nanoscale. We address this issue, for vortex matter in NbSe<sub>2</sub>, by driving the vortices using an ac magnetic field and probing the induced periodic tunnel current modulations. Our results reveal different dynamical modes of the driven vortex lattices. In addition, by recording and synchronizing the time evolution of the tunneling current at each pixel, we visualize the overall dynamics of the vortex lattice with submillisecond time resolution and subnanometer spatial resolution
Biocarriers Improve Bioaugmentation Efficiency of a Rapid Sand Filter for the Treatment of 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide-Contaminated Drinking Water
Aminobacter sp. MSH1 immobilized
in an alginate matrix in porous stones was tested in a pilot system
as an alternative inoculation strategy to the use of free suspended
cells for biological removal of micropollutant concentrations of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide
(BAM) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). BAM removal rates
and MSH1 cell numbers were recorded during operation and assessed
with specific BAM degradation rates obtained in lab conditions using
either freshly grown cells or starved cells to explain reactor performance.
Both reactors inoculated with either suspended or immobilized cells
showed immediate BAM removal under the threshold of 0.1 μg/L,
but the duration of sufficient BAM removal was 2-fold (44 days) longer
for immobilized cells. The longer sufficient BAM removal in case of
immobilized cells compared to suspended cells was mainly explained
by a lower initial loss of MSH1 cells at operational start due to
volume replacement and shear. Overall loss of activity in the reactors
though was due to starvation, and final removal rates did not differ
between reactors inoculated with immobilized and suspended cells.
Management of assimilable organic carbon, in addition to cell immobilization,
appears crucial for guaranteeing long-term BAM degradation activity
of MSH1 in DWTP units