40 research outputs found
Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: Biology, ecology, identification
FOREWORD • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • INTRODUCTION • RICE IN AFRICA • RICE-FEEDING INSECTS • CLIMATIC ZONES AND RICE ECOSYSTEMS AS HABITATS • CONSTRAINTS TO RICE PRODUCTION • SPECIES IN WEST AFRICA • DIRECT DAMAGE • ROLE IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF RICE-FEEDING INSECTS
ROOT FEEDERS : Mole crickets, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois; Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae • Root aphids, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki); Hemiptera (suborder Homoptera): Aphididae • Termites, Macrotermes, Microtermes, and Trinervitermes spp.; Isoptera: Termitidae • Black beetles, Heteronychus mosambicus Peringuey (= H. oryzae Britton); Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae • Rice water weevils, Afroryzophilus djibai Lyal; Coleoptera: Curculionidae •
STEM BORERS : Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis longicornis Macquart; Diptera: Diopsidae • Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis apicalis Dalman; Diptera: Diopsidae • Stem borer, Pachylophus beckeri Curran; Diptera: Chloropidae • African striped rice borer, Chilo zacconius Bleszynski; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae • African white borer, Maliarpha separatella Ragonot; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae • Scirpophaga spp.; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae • African pink borers, Sesamia calamistis Hampson and S. nonagrioides botanephaga Tams and Bowden; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
AFRICAN RICE GALL MIDGE : Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae
LEAFHOPPERS AND PLANTHOPPERS : Green leafhoppers, Nephotettix afer Ghauri and Nephotettix modulatus Melichar; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae • White rice leafhoppers, Cofana spectra (Distant) and C. unimaculata (Signoret); Hemiptera: Cicadellidae • White-winged planthopper, Nisia nervosa (Motschulsky); Hemiptera: Meenoplidae • Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata maeander Fennah; Hemiptera: Delphacidae • Rice delphacid, Tagosodes cubanus (Crawford); Hemiptera: Delphacidae • Spittlebugs, Locris maculata maculata Fabricius and L. rubra Fabricius; Hemiptera: Cercopidae
FOLIAGE FEEDERS : Rice caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis (Guenée); Lepidoptera: Pyralidae • Rice leaffolders, Marasmia trapezalis (Guenée); Lepidoptera: Pyralidae • Green-horned caterpillar, Melanitis leda ismene Cramer; Lepidoptera: Satyridae • African rice hispids; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Flea beetles, Chaetocnema spp.; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae • Ladybird beetle, Chnootriba similis (Mulsant); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae • Leaf miner, Cerodontha orbitona (Spencer); Diptera: Agromyzidae • Rice whorl maggot, Hydrellia prosternalis Deeming; Diptera: Ephydridae • Rice grasshoppers : Short-horned grasshoppers, Hieroglyphus daganensis; Orthoptera: Acrididae • Short-horned grasshoppers, Oxya spp.; Orthoptera: Acrididae • Meadow grasshoppers, Conocephalus spp.; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae • Variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.); Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae • Whitefly, Aleurocybotus indicus David and Subramaniam; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae • Spider mites, Oligonychus pratensis Banks, O. senegalensis Gutierrez and Etienne, Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre; Acari: Tetranychidae
INSECTS THAT ATTACK PANICLES : Earwigs, Diaperasticus erythrocephalus (Olivier); Dermaptera: Forficulidae • Blister beetles; Coleoptera: Meloidae • Panicle thrips, Haplothrips spp.; Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae • Stink bugs, Aspavia spp.; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae • Green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.); Hemiptera: Pentatomidae • Alydid bugs, Stenocoris spp., Mirperus spp. • and Riptortus; Hemiptera: Alydidae • Cotton stainers, Dysdercus spp.; Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae
NATURAL ENEMIES OF WEST AFRICAN RICE-FEEDING INSECTS : INVENTORY OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF WEST AFRICAN RICE-FEEDING INSECTS: Predators • Parasitoids
AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED WEST AFRICAN RICE INSECTS AND SPIDERS: SECTION I: ORDERS BASED ON ADULTS • SECTION II: INSECTS • SECTION III: SPIDERS
REFERENCES
SUBJECT INDEX FOR THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AND NATURAL ENEMIES SECTION
Integrative taxonomy reveals first record of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae, Sicariidae) in the Philippines
The spider family Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880 represented by the synanthropic Mediterranean recluse spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), is reported in the Philippines for the first time, based on morphological and molecular data. The introduced spider was observed in a small cave (Kamantigue Cave) in Lobo, Batangas Province. Considering the medical importance of this spider, the proximity of its habitat to human habitation and tourist sites poses a potential public health concern.This study reports on the first record of the family Sicariidae in the Philippines and the fourth recorded occurrence of L. rufescens in Southeast Asia
A new species of jumping spider, orthrus calilungae (Araneae : Salticidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines.
A new species of the Genus Bavia Simon, 1877 (Araneae : Salticidae) from the highlands of Sagada, Mountain Province, Luzon Island, Philippines.
Designing standardized and optimized surveys to assess invertebrate biodiversity in tropical irrigated rice using structured inventory and species richness models
Insect pest management depends on simple, rapid, and reliable sampling methods that should also be standardized and optimized. We tested structured inventory, community characterization, and sampling optimization approaches on the invertebrate fauna of Philippine irrigated rice, undisrupted by pesticides, using seven field methods and species richness models. Canopy and floodwater invertebrates were intensively and repetitively sampled from 600 quadrats (0.1-m2 planar area) over dry and wet cropping seasons in one field at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. In the canopy, pooled counts from D-Vac and plant dissections (PD) on the same rice hills (absolute methodology) were compared with three other methods (i.e., FARMCOP, Blower-Vac, sweep-net), while, in the floodwater, the area collector (absolute methodology) was compared with three other methods (i.e., FARMCOP, Blower-Vac, strainer-net). Overall, 25 and 50% of the observed richness of canopy and floodwater taxa, respectively, were caught by all four methods. Estimated inventory completeness for the canopy and floodwater averaged 82 and 98%, respectively, after all methods were pooled. To maximize observed richness, optimization results for the canopy recommended allocating the highest sampling effort to D-Vac and PD, followed by the Blower-Vac, whereas the area collector should be assigned the highest sampling effort in the floodwater, followed by the strainer-net or Blower-Vac. Our results suggest that structured inventory and species richness models are useful tools for setting optimization criteria and stopping rules for sampling crop-invertebrate assemblages based on inventory completeness and for enabling more informative biodiversity comparisons. © The Authors 2016
Diversity and biocontrol potential of dominant ants associated with the cacao mirid bug, Helopeltis bakeri poppius (Hemiptera: Miridae) in a selected cacao farm in Sto. Tomas, Batangas, Philippines
The ants associated with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) suspected as predators of the cacao mirid bug, Helopeltis bakeri Poppius were surveyed using four collecting methods, namely: (1) beating the canopy; (2) handpicking; (3) pitfall trapping, and (4) ground surface food-baiting in regularly pruned trees and weeded farm (site 1) and irregularly pruned trees and weedy farm (site 2) in Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines during the month of January 2018. A total of 2,072 ant individuals (1,019 in site 1 and 1,053 in site 2) belonging to 13 species in 13 genera under four subfamilies were recorded. These are Myrmicinae with 1,182 individuals (57.04%) in five species represented by Solenopis geminata Fabricius 1804; Tetramorium sp.; Carebara diversa Jerdon 1851; Pheidole sp. and Crematogaster sp.; Formicinae with 793 individuals (38.27%) in four species-Nylanderia sp.; Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius 1775; Anoplolepis gracilipes F. Smith 1857 and Polyrhachis sp.; Dolichoderinae with three individuals (0.15%) in Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius 1793, and Ponerinae with 94 individuals (4.54%) in three species-Odontoponera denticulata F. Smith 1858; Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith 1858, and Leptogenys sp. Of all taxa, C. diversa and O. smaragdina were most preponderant, followed by Crematogaster and Odontoponera in the second group; whereas, Anoplolepis, Pheidole, Nylanderia and Solenopsis were the least preponderant. Our findings showed that Shannon-Weaver function of diversity (H’) was slightly higher in weedy and irregularly pruned farm (H’=1.18) compared to the weeded and regularly pruned one (H’=1.08). On the other hand, alpha diversity (α) index showed diversity highest in soil (α =1.9) \u3e trunk (α =1.7) \u3e foliage area (0.6). Sorensen’s Coefficient index (CI) of similarity of ant species was high (0.86) denoting that at least nine taxa are common in the same orchard irrespective of farmers practice. A new scoring system was developed based on ant’s attraction to food baits. Of all taxa, only O. smaragdina and Solenopsis geminata preyed on the cacao mirid bug and demonstrated potential use as biological control agents in cacao farms. © Rushing Water Publishers Ltd. 2018
Diversity and functional guild composition of rice leaffolder [cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee), lepidoptera: Pyralidae] natural enemies in irrigated super hybrid rice and non-rice habitats in China
The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) is a key insect pest of irrigated super hybrid rice in China. Its pool of natural enemies revealed 24 species of parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to 17 genera under 7 families in Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, East China. Four species of Trichogramma were the most dominant parasitoids attacking the eggs. Two braconids, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) and Cardiochiles philippinensis Ashmead were the most common larval parasitoids while the ichneumonids occur in low numbers. On the other hand, 119 species of predators - spiders, odonatans, dipterans, ants and mirid bug complimented the parasitic Hymenoptera. Of all the natural enemies, the predatory spiders (Araneae) present in both the super hybrid rice and non-rice habitats totalled 2,787 individuals and only 60 predatory insects were found. The spiders were 50.4x and 41.6x more preponderant than the predatory insects in both habitats, respectively. The super hybrid rice had 1,664 spider individuals belonging to 38 species under 11 families while the non-rice habitats recorded 1,123 individuals representing 84 species under 16 families. These findings served as the first documentation of all parasitoids and predatory natural enemies of rice leaf folder in China based on collections from the irrigated super hybrid rice and surrounding non-rice habitats in Wuyishan City, East China. ©Rushing Water Publishers Ltd. 2016
LIVING WITH THE ENEMY: JUMPING SPIDERS THAT MIMIC WEAVER ANTS
Volume: 33Start Page: 813End Page: 81
Integrative taxonomy reveals first record of invasive Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae, Sicariidae) in the Philippines
The spider family Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880, and the synanthropic Mediterranean recluse spider, Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820), is reported in the Philippines for the first time based on morphological and molecular data. The introduced spider was observed in a small cave (Kamantigue Cave) in Lobo, Batangas Province. Considering the medical importance of this spider, the proximity of its habitat to human habitation and tourist sites poses a potential public health concern.This study reports on the first record of the family Sicariidae in the Philippines and the third recorded occurrence of L. rufescens in Southeast Asia.
Comperiella calauanica sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an endoparasitoid of the invasive coconut scale, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Luzon Island, Philippines
Comperiella calaztanica sp. n., an encyrtid endoparasitoid of coconut scale insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne discovered in Calauan, Laguna, Philippines is described and illustrated. This highly invasive armoured scale insect is a devastating pest of coconut trees including seedlings in three provinces on Luzon Island, namely: Batangas, Laguna and Quezon. A key to the species of Comperiella reported in the Philippines is also provided. The endoparasitoid is a promising biological control agent in the regulation of the coconut scale insect populations in the field. Survey results showed that parasitism by C. calauanica sp. n. on A. rigidus colonies in the affected areas ranged from 65-92% in the third quarter of 2014