16,606 research outputs found
Measures of metacognition on signal-detection theoretic models
Analysing metacognition, specifically knowledge of accuracy of internal perceptual,
memorial or other knowledge states, is vital for many strands of psychology, including
determining the accuracy of feelings of knowing, and discriminating conscious from
unconscious cognition. Quantifying metacognitive sensitivity is however more challenging
than quantifying basic stimulus sensitivity. Under popular signal detection theory (SDT)
models for stimulus classification tasks, approaches based on type II receiver-operator
characteristic (ROC) curves or type II d-prime risk confounding metacognition with
response biases in either the type I (classification) or type II (metacognitive) tasks. A new
approach introduces meta-d′: the type I d-prime that would have led to the observed type
II data had the subject used all the type I information. Here we (i) further establish the
inconsistency of the type II d-prime and ROC approaches with new explicit analyses of
the standard SDT model, and (ii) analyse, for the first time, the behaviour of meta-d′
under non-trivial scenarios, such as when metacognitive judgments utilize enhanced or
degraded versions of the type I evidence. Analytically, meta-d′ values typically reflect the
underlying model well, and are stable under changes in decision criteria; however, in
relatively extreme cases meta-d′ can become unstable. We explore bias and variance of
in-sample measurements of meta-d′ and supply MATLAB code for estimation in general
cases. Our results support meta-d′ as a useful measure of metacognition, and provide
rigorous methodology for its application. Our recommendations are useful for any
researchers interested in assessing metacognitive accuracy
Granger causality analysis in neuroscience and neuroimaging
No description supplie
Extrapolation Method for the No-Core Shell Model
Nuclear many-body calculations are computationally demanding. An estimate of
their accuracy is often hampered by the limited amount of computational
resources even on present-day supercomputers. We provide an extrapolation
method based on perturbation theory, so that the binding energy of a large
basis-space calculation can be estimated without diagonalizing the Hamiltonian
in this space. The extrapolation method is tested for 3H and 6Li nuclei. It
will extend our computational abilities significantly and allow for reliable
error estimates.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, PRC accepte
Blind insight: metacognitive discrimination despite chance task performance
Blindsight and other examples of unconscious knowledge and perception demonstrate dissociations between
judgment accuracy and metacognition: Studies reveal that participants’ judgment accuracy can be above chance
while their confidence ratings fail to discriminate right from wrong answers. Here, we demonstrated the opposite
dissociation: a reliable relationship between confidence and judgment accuracy (demonstrating metacognition) despite judgment accuracy being no better than chance. We evaluated the judgments of 450 participants who completed an AGL task. For each trial, participants decided whether a stimulus conformed to a given set of rules and rated their confidence in that judgment. We identified participants who performed at chance on the discrimination task, utilizing a subset of their responses, and then assessed the accuracy and the confidence-accuracy relationship of their remaining
responses. Analyses revealed above-chance metacognition among participants who did not exhibit decision accuracy.
This important new phenomenon, which we term blind insight, poses critical challenges to prevailing models of metacognition grounded in signal detection theory
BAYES' ESTIMATES OF THE DOUBLE HURDLE MODEL IN THE PRESENCE OF FIXED COSTS
We present a model of market adoption (participation) where the presence of non-negligible fixed costs leads to non-zero censoring of the traditional double-hurdle regression. Fixed costs arise due to household resources that must be devoted a priori to the decision to participate in the market. These costs-usually a cost of time-motivate two-step decision-making and focus attentions on the minimum-efficient scale of operations (the minimum amount of milk sales) at which market entry becomes viable. This focus, in turn, motivates a non-zero-censored Tobit regression estimated through routine application of Markov chain Monte Carlo Methods.market participation, fixed costs, double-hurdle model, censored regression., Financial Economics, O1, O11, C34, O13, Q16, D1,
Existence of a Density Functional for an Intrinsic State
A generalization of the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem proves the existence of a
density functional for an intrinsic state, symmetry violating, out of which a
physical state with good quantum numbers can be projected.Comment: 6 page
An extended case study on the phenomenology of sequence-space synesthesia
Investigation of synesthesia phenomenology in adults is needed to constrain accounts of developmental trajectories of this trait. We report an extended phenomenological investigation of sequence-space synesthesia in a single case (AB). We used the Elicitation Interview (EI) method to facilitate repeated exploration of AB's synesthetic experience. During an EI the subject's attention is selectively guided by the interviewer in order to reveal precise details about the experience. Detailed analysis of the resulting 9 h of interview transcripts provided a comprehensive description of AB's synesthetic experience, including several novel observations. For example, we describe a specific spatial reference frame (a "mental room") in which AB's concurrents occur, and which overlays his perception of the real world (the "physical room"). AB is able to switch his attention voluntarily between this mental room and the physical room. Exemplifying the EI method, some of our observations were previously unknown even to AB. For example, AB initially reported to experience concurrents following visual presentation, yet we determined that in the majority of cases the concurrent followed an internal verbalization of the inducer, indicating an auditory component to sequence-space synesthesia. This finding is congruent with typical rehearsal of inducer sequences during development, implicating cross-modal interactions between auditory and visual systems in the genesis of this synesthetic form. To our knowledge, this paper describes the first application of an EI to synesthesia, and the first systematic longitudinal investigation of the first-person experience of synesthesia since the re-emergence of interest in this topic in the 1980's. These descriptions move beyond rudimentary graphical or spatial representations of the synesthetic spatial form, thereby providing new targets for neurobehavioral analysis
An algebraic interpretation of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation
We make a direct connection between the construction of three dimensional
topological state sums from tensor categories and three dimensional quantum
gravity by noting that the discrete version of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is
exactly the pentagon for the associator of the tensor category, the
Biedenharn-Elliott identity. A crucial role is played by an asymptotic formula
relating 6j-symbols to rotation matrices given by Edmonds.Comment: 10 pages, amstex, uses epsf.tex. New version has improved
presentatio
Practical measures of integrated information for time-series data
A recent measure of ‘integrated information’, ΦDM, quantifies the extent to which a system generates more information than the sum of its parts as it transitions between states, possibly reflecting levels of consciousness generated by neural systems. However, ΦDM is defined only for discrete Markov systems, which are unusual in biology; as a result, ΦDM can rarely be measured in practice. Here, we describe two new measures, ΦE and ΦAR, that overcome these limitations and are easy to apply to time-series data. We use simulations to demonstrate the in-practice applicability of our measures, and to explore their properties. Our results provide new opportunities for examining information integration in real and model systems and carry implications for relations between integrated information, consciousness, and other neurocognitive processes. However, our findings pose challenges for theories that ascribe physical meaning to the measured quantities
- …